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12th Standard Commerce English Medium Chapters / Lessons 2022-2023

Organisation

Sole Trader

Partnership

Join Stock Companies I

Join Stock Companies II

Stock Exchange

Co-operatives

Goverment in business

12th Standard Commerce English Medium Chapters / Lessons 2022-2023

Organisation

Sole Trader

Partnership

Join Stock Companies I

Join Stock Companies II

Stock Exchange

Co-operatives

Goverment in business

12th Standard Commerce English Medium Chapters / Lessons 2022-2023 Syllabus

ORGANISATION

Meaning and Definition - Principles of organisation - Types of Organisation - Soletrader - Partnership firms - Hindu Undivided Family - Joint Stock Company - Co-operatives - Government in Business - Multinational Companies

SOLE TRADER

Meaning and Definition - Special features of Sole trader -Merits of Sole trader - Demerits of Sole trader - Suitability - Role of sole proprietorship in the society - One man Control

PARTNERSHIP

Meaning and Definition - Special features of partnership - Similarities between sole trader and partnership - Merits and Demerits of Partnership - Types of partnership - kinds of partners - Rights duties and liabilities of partners - Partners express and implied authority - Partnership Deed - Registration of firm - Dissolution of partnership

COMPANIES - I

Meaning - Definition - special features - merits and demerits - Differences between partnership and company - Kinds of companies - Private company - Public Company - meaning - privileges of a Private company - Differences between a private company and a public company - Formation of a company - Memorandum of Association - Articles of Association - Prospectus - Shares - meaning - types - Allotment of shares – share certificate – calls – forfeiture of shares – shares issued at par, premium and at discount - Debentures – meaning – kinds of debentures - Differences between shares and debentures

COMPANIES - II

Company management - directors - qualification and disqualification - Appointment of directors - removal - vacation of office - powers of directors. - Duties - liabilities - civil and criminal liability - Managing director - meaning - manager - managerial remuneration - Company secretary - definition - importance of secretary - functions and duties - Meetings - meanings - kinds - proxy - quorum - agenda - Resolution - meaning - kinds - voting - minutes

STOCK EXCHANGE

Introduction - meaning - definition - primary and secondary market - Procedures regarding new issues - Characteristics - functions - benefits - limitations- Investors and speculators - kinds - differences - SEBI-features - objectives - functions - powers - Mutual funds - Advantages - Bombay - On Line Trading ( BOLT)

CO-OPERATIVES

Meaning - definition - special features - Merits and demerits - Types of co-operatives - Differences between companies and co-operatives

GOVERNMENT IN BUSINESS

Introduction - objectives of state enterprise - Types - Departmental - features - merits and demerits - Public corporation - features - merits and demerits - Government companies - features - merits and demerits - Differnces between private sector and public sector.