Human genome project was discovered by

Two microbes found to be very useful in genetic engineering are

Which conserved motifs are found in E. coli genes?

In plant biotechnology, root tumours are induced in plant using the bacterium

The construction of the first recombinant DNA was done by using the native plasmid of

State what happens when an alien gene is ligated at Pvu I site of pBR 322 plasmid.

Can you recall meiosis and indicate at what stage a recombinant DNA is made?

Give the name of bacterium other than E. coli, which is used in recombinant DNA technology.

Name the host cells in which micro-injection technique is used to introduce an alien DNA.

Indiscrimate diagnostic practices using X-rays etc. should be avoided. Give one reason.

Name the organism from where the thermostable DNA polymerase is isolated. State its role in genetic engineering.

Why is 'origin o replication' (Ori) required to facilitate cloning into a vector?

What are recombinant proteins? How do bioreactors help in their production?

A plasmid DNA and a linear DNA (both are of the same size) have one site for a restriction endonuclease. When cut and separated on agarose gel electrophoresis, plasmid shows one DNA band, while the linear DNA shows two ragments. Explain.

Both the wine marker and a molecular biologist who has developed a recombinant vaccine claim to be biotechnologist. Who in your opinion is correct?

Explain the different steps involved in each cycle of polymerase chain reaction.

(a) What is EcoRI? What does R represent in this?
(b) Give the palindromic nucleotide sequence recognised by it.
(c) Explain its action.

A vector is engineered with three features which facilitate its cloning within the host cell. List the three features and explain each one of them.

Write the major steps involved in gene cloning.

Name the method/s by which the transgenic sheeps and goats are made. What are other methods?

What is a bioreactor? Draw a labelled diagram of a sparged stirred-tank-bioreactor. Explain its functionating.

Shilpi heard about clones in cartoon serials on TV and also came to know about "Dolly" as a cloned sheep. She discussed it with her biology teacher who explained the meaning of clone and the method to raise the clones.
Read the above passage and answer the following questions :
(i) What is a clone ?
(ii) How clones are produced in plants ?
(iii) Why did Shilpi discuss the matter with her biology teacher ?

(i) Restriction enzymes cut into fragments.They  cut at specific sites determined by the sequence of bases.Following figures shows the base sequences cut by three restriction enzymes and a section of DNA cut by one of these enzymes, Restriction enzymes DNA Sequence.
                                                       \(\downarrow \)
HindIII                                         AAGCTT
                                                       \(\downarrow \)
EcoRI                                         GAATTC     
                                                       \(\downarrow \)
Bam HI                                     GGATTCC
Section of DNA         5'- TACGAATTCGTAA-3'
                               3'-ATGCTTAAGCATT-5'
                                                           \(\downarrow \)
5'-TACG-3'                5'-AATTCGTTAA-3'
3' ATGCTTAA-5'        3'-GCATT-5'
(a) Identify the restriction enzyme that has cut the section of DNA shown in figure.
(b) State the name given to the unpaired base sequences that remain after DNA has been cut by the three restriction enzymes shown in figure.restriction
(iii) Human genes may be cloned by inserting lengths of DNA into bacteria. This may be carried out by inserting the required DNA plasmid Explain how lengths of DNA, cut by restriction enzymes, are inserted into plasmids?