A plasmid DNA and a linear DNA (both of the same size) have one site for a restriction endonuclease. When cut and separated on agarose gel electrophoresis, plasmid shows one DNA band, while the linear DNA shows two fragments. Explain.

2

(a)

While carrying out a PCR, 'denaturation' step was missed. What will be its effect on the process?

2

(a)

What is meant by gene cloning?

2

(a)

You have created a recombinant DNA molecule by ligating a gene to a plasmid vector. By mistake, your friend adds exonuclease enzyme to the tube containing the recombinant DNA. How will your experiment get affected as you plan to go transformation now?

2

(a)

Give the name of the type of bioreactor shown. Write the purpose for which it is used.

2

(a)