In which parts of the body of the hosts do the following events in the life cycle of Plasmodium take place? Name both the body part and the host.
(a) Fertilization   (b) Development of gametocytes   (c) Release of sporozoites  (d) Asexual reproduction.

3

(a)

Give Reasons for the following statements:
(a) Neutrophils and macrophages are called soldiers and scavengers of the animal body.
(b) After consuming alcohol, one should avoid driving.
(c) Persistent use of corticosteroids is harmful.

3

(a)

Many microbial pathogens enter the gut of humans along with food. What are the preventive barriers to protect the body from such pathogens?

3

(a)

Why is it that during changing weather, one is advised to avoid closed, crowded and air conditioned places like cinema halls, etc?

3

(a)

Differentiate the following and give examples of each.
(i) Innate and acquired immunity.
(ii) Active and passive immunity.

3

(a)

Differentiate between benign tumour and malignant tumour.

3

(a)

At what stages does Plasmodium gain entry in to human body? Write the different stages of its life cycle in the human body.

3

(a)

How does the transmission of each of the following takes place? amoebiasis, Malaria, Ascariasis, Pneumonia

3

(a)

How is cancerous cell different from a normal cell?

3

(a)

The harmful allele of sickle-cell anaemia has not been eliminated from human population. Such afflicted people derive some other benefit?Discuss.

3

(a)