The diagram of an anatropous ovule is presented above.
(a) Give the technical term for ovule.
(b) Identify and name the part that
(i) attaches the ovule to the placenta
(ii) remains as perisperm in some seeds.
(iii) forms the testa of seed.
(iv) represents the basal part of the ovule.
(v) represents the female gametophyte.

A fully developed embryo sac
A fully-developed and mature embryo sac is shown above.
(a) Name the cell from which it has developed.
(b) What is the ploidy level of its nuclei?
(c) What is filiform apparatus? Mention its significance.

Identify the types of flowers A and B on the Commelina plant shown above.
(b) Mention the type(s) of pollination that can occur in each of them.

Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) to (v) given below:
Apomixis is a mode of reproduction which does not involve formation of zygote through gametic fusion. In plants, apomixis commonly mimics sexual reproduction but produces seeds without fertilisation. There are several methods of apomictic development in seeds. The two common ones are recurrent agamospermy and adventive embryony.
(i) Apomixis is a type of reproduction in plants in which
(a) fertilisation does not take place
(b) male nucleus takes part in fertilisation
(c) pollen fusion takes place
(d) generative nucleus takes part in fertilisation

(ii) Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding recurrent agamospermy?
(a) It is the formation of seed that has an embryo formed without meiosis and syngamy
(b) All the cells of embryo sac are diploid.
(c) An embryo develops directly from a diploid cell other than egg like that of nucleus and integument
(d) None of these
(iii) Adventive embryony is found in

(iv) Formation of embryo directly from diploid egg without fertilisation is called

(v) If any somatic cell of sporophyte produces gametophyte without reduction division, it is called

Read the following and answer any four questions from (v) to (v) given below:
A typical angiospermic ovule is a small structure attached to the placenta by means of a stalk called funicle. The body of the ovule fuses with funicle in the region called hilum. Each ovule has one or two protective envelopes called integuments. Integuments encircle the nucellus except at the tip where a small opening called the micropyle is formed. Mature ovules are classified on the basis of funiculus. It can be orthotropous, anatropous, hemitropous, campylotropous, etc.
(i) The body of the ovule consists of a mass of parenchymatous cells called

(ii) Refer to the given figure and select the correct statement regarding it.

(a) This type of ovule is found in cactus.
(b) The micropyle comes to lie close to the funiculus due to unilateral growth of ovule.
(c) It is most common type of ovule found in the members of Chenopodiaceae
(d) It is half inverted ovule.

(iii) Identify the parts labelled as A, B, Cand D in the given figure and select the correct option

(iv) Mature ovules are classified on the basis of funiculus. If micropyle lie close to the funiculus, the ovule is termed as

(v) In Asphodelus, ovule is