There are two organisms X and Y that produce new offspring from single parent only.Organisms X when reaches its maximum growth, divides its body into two new organisms.
The parent organism does not exist any more and two new daughter organisms grow fully and divide again. Organism Y form a small outgrowth on its body called bud which detaches and develops into new organism .
Read the above paragraph and answer the questions that follow.
(I) Select the option that correctly identifies organisms X and Y.

(ii) Select the correct statement.
(a) Organism X reproduces asexually whereas organism Y reproduces sexually
(b) Organism X must be multicellular whereas organism Y should be unicellular
(c) Both organisms X and Y reproduce asexually
(d) Both organisms X and Yare always multicellular organisms
(iii) Identify the mode of reproduction in organisms X and Y.

(iv) Which of the following is incorrect?
(a) Plasmodium reproduces by the same method as is adopted by organism X.
(b) Organism X could be any multicellular plant like Riccia, Sphagnum, etc.
(c) If organism Y is Hydra, then it may also reproduce through regeneration.
(d) Both (a) and (b)
(v) Which organism reproduces by the method shown in the given figure?

Spore formation, method of asexual reproduction is used by unicellular as well as multicellular organisms.Spores are microscopic units which could be air borne or are present in soil, etc.
(i) A slice of bread kept in open for sometime shows growing white cottony mass which later turns black. This happens because
(a) bacterial spores present in air germinate on the surface of bread slice
(b) fungal spores present in air germinate on the surface of bread slice
(c) protozoan microbes start feeding on bread slice
(d) none ef these.
(ii) Spore formation can be seen in

(iii) Bulb like structure at top of erect hyphae where spores are produced is

(iv) Select the incorrect statement.
(a) Spores can be produced endogenously or exogenously in an organism.
(b) Spores can be air borne or soil borne.
(c) Bacteria produce only exospores.
(d) Rhizopus bears spores in special structures called sporangium.
(v) Observe the given figure showing spores formation in Rhizopus and select the option which is correctly labelled.

(a) P-Stolon, S-Columella, T-Sporangiophore
(b) Q-Stolon, P-Hypha, S-Sporangium
(c) R-Sporangium, S-Apophysis, T-Sporangiophore
(d) Q-Stolon, R-Sporangium, S-Colume!la

Radhika collected some pond water which was dark green in colour in a test tube. She took out green coloured mass from it and separated its filaments by using needles. She broke some filaments into small fragments and put them in a Petri dish containing clean water. She observed that after few days the small fragments gave rise to complete filaments.
(i) What do you think the mass of green filament was?
(a) It was a mass of Spirogyra filament
(b) It was a colony of Volvox algae
(c) It was kelp, i.e., large brown algae
(d) It was a mass of fungal filaments or hyphae.
(ii) The small fragment gave rise to new filament. What does it indicate?
(a) Spirogyra reproduces asexually through fragmentation
(b) Spirogyra reproduces asexually through vegetative propagation
(c) Spirogyra reproduces asexually through budding
(d) Spirogyra reproduces asexually through fission
(iii) Organism which reproduces in similar way as Spirogyra is

(iv) Select the correct statement.
(a) Only multicellular organisms can undergo fragmentation
(b) Both unicellular and multicellular organisms can undergo fragmentation
(c) Fragmentation is sexual mode of reproduction
(d) Fragmentation is found only in algae.
(v) Which among the given organisms do not reproduce by fragmentation?

Preeti is very fond of gardening. She has different flowering plants in her garden. One day few naughty children entered her garden and plucked many leaves of Bryophyllum plant and threw them here and there in the garden. After few days, Preeti observed that new Bryophyllum plants were coming out from the leaves which fell on the ground.
(i) What does the incidence cited in the paragraph indicate?
(a) Bryophyllum leaves have special buds that germinate to give rise to new plant
(b) Bryophyllum can propagate vegetatively through leaves
(c) Bryophyllum is a flowering plant that reproduces only asexually
(d) Both (a) and (b)
(ii) Which of the following plants can propagate vegetatively through leaves like Bryophyllum?

(iii) Do you think any other vegetative part of Bryophyllum can help in propagation? If yes, then which part?

(iv) Which of the following plants is artificially propagated (vegetatively) by stem cuttings in horticultural practices?

(v) In which of the following pairs both the plants can be vegetatively propagated by leaf pieces?

Horticultural methods of vegetative propagation multiply desired varieties of plants quickly from parts of their somatic body. A horticulturist used stem cutting of plant X to propagate it in a short span of time. For plant Y, he pulled a branch of towards ground and covered it with soil leaving the tip of branch exposed. He later on cut the branch from parent plant. The former developed into new plant. He propagated plant Z through underground stems called tubers. Identify the propagation methods used by horticulturist and answer the following questions.
(i) What could be plants X, Y and Z?

(ii) Select the propagation methods in plants X, Y and Z.
(a) X - root tubers, Y - stem cutting, Z - stem tubers
(b) X - stem cutting, Y - layering, Z - underground stem
(c) X -Iayering, Y - underground stem, Z - underground roots
(d) X - grafting, Y - layering, Z - root tubers
(iii) Select the correct statement for plant Z if it is potato.
(a) Each tuber has many buds called ears
(b) It is necessary to plant the whole potato tuber in the soil to produce new potato plants
(c) Vegetative propagation of potato plants by tubers is much faster than production of potatoes by seeds
(d) All of these.
(iv) Select the plant which propagates by the same method adopted by gardener for plant Y, but naturally it propagates by stolons

(v) Identify the given vegetative propagule.

A horticulturist took stems of two different plants; plant X with roots and plant Y without roots Y.He fixed the cut stem X in soil. He fitted and bound tightly the other cut stem Y over the surface of X. He fastened the joint properly with the help of polythene. The cut soon healed and the two plant stems (X and Y) grew together as one plant.
(i) What is not correct of regarding given horticulture practice?
(a) It enables to combine the most desirable characteristics of two plants.
(b) It can be used to produce superior varieties of plants.
(c) It is equally useful for both dicot and mono cot plants.
(d) All of these
(ii) What is stem X and stem Y respectively known?

(iii) Why is the area where two stems are joined is covered with polythene?
(a) To prevent harmful infection by bacteria or fungus
(b) To prevent the loss of water and plant sap from the cut and joined ends of the stems
(c) To prevept CO₂ and sunlight from entering the joint
(d) Both (a) and (b)
(iv) Select the incorrect option regarding the horticultural practice mentioned in the given paragraph.
(a) The technique mentioned in the given paragraph is known as grafting
(b) While joining the two stem cuttings, cambium of both stems should be aligned so that the joint is healed properly
(c) This technique is used to breed fruit trees and flowering bushes
(d) The shoot system of the plant is always older than the root system.
(v) The given practice is used in which of the following plants?

In an experiment, a scientist removed some cells from the growing point of a plant and placed it a suitable medium containing nutrients and plant hormones leading to the formation of shapeless lump or mass called X. X is then transferred to another medium which lead to development of roots. X with developed roots is then transferred into another medium that induced the development of shoots. X in this way differentiated into tiny plantlets which were transplanted into pots where they grew into mature plants.
(i) What is X in the given paragraph?

(ii) Which technique has the scientist used for the propagation of plant?

(iii) What is the advantage of the technique mentioned in the paragraph?
(a) It helps in production of disease free plants
(b) It is a very fast technique as thousand of plantlets can be produced in a few weeks time
(c) It is also known as micropropagation due to extremely small amount of plant material used for propagation
(d) All of these.
(iv) Select the incorrect statement regarding the propagation technique mentioned in the paragraph.
(a) It is used in the production of ornamental plants like orchids, carnation, Chrysanthemum, etc
(b) It is a modern method of artificial propagation of plants
(c) Plants produced by this methods are genetically different from the parent plant
(d) Very little space is needed for developing new plants by this technique.
(v) Which of the following statements is incorrect?
(a) Virus free plants cannot be produced by tissue culture technique
(b) Tissue culture technique is useful in obtaining homozygous diploid
(c) Tissue culture is useful in quick propagation of Gladiolus
(d) Tissue culture is artificial method of vegetative propagation.

Ruchika planted three plants X, Y and Z of different species of flowering plant in her garden. After sometime she observed that fruit development occurred in plant X and Z but not in plant Y. She also observed that plant Z has two slightly different types of flowers.
(i) Why do you think fruit formation did not take place in plant Y?
(a) Plant Y is a cross pollinated plant having only female flowers
(b) Plant Y is a cross pollinated plant having only male flowers
(c) Plant Y is a monoecious plant having male and female organs in separate structure
(d) Plant Y is a self pollinated plant having anther and stigma is in the same flower.
(ii) Which of the following correctly identifies plant X, Y and Z?

(iii) Select the correct statement.
(a) Plant X could be self pollinated or cross pollinated
(b) Plant Y must be self pollinated whereas plant Z is cross pollinated
(c) Plant Y is cross pollinated and plant Z is either self pollinated or cross pollinated
(d) Both (a) and (c).
(iv) Which of the following holds false for plants X, Y and Z?
(a) If Ruchika covers all the male flowers of plant Z then only cross pollination is possible in plant Z
(b) Flowers of plant X are always bisexual and incomplete
(c) Plant Z is self pollinated if it is cucurbit but it is cross pollinated if it is pumpkin
(d) Plant Y lacks pistils or female reproductive part of plant and produces pollens in large numbers.
(v) Select the correct statement.
(a) Plant Y always requires another plant of same species but of opposite sex for pollination
(b) Plant Y always needs a pollinating agent
(c) The process offertilisation never takes place in plant Y
(d) All of these.

P and Q are two monoecious plants. P bears bisexual flowers whereas Q bears unisexual flowers. P does not need a pollinating agent whereas pollinating agent is required in case of Q.
(i) Select the option that correctly identifies plant P and Q.

(ii) Select the correct option regarding plants P and Q.
(a) Seed setting is assured in plant P even if all its flowers are emasculated
(b) Male flowers of plant Q always open only after the female flowers of the plant are pollinated
(c) Female flowers of plant Q can reproduce by cross pollens or self pollens depending upon the genus to which plant Q belongs to
(d) P is a cross pollinated plant whereas Q is a self pollinated plant
(iii) How can self pollination be avoided in plant P?
(a) By removing all the flowers of plant P
(b) By removing all the anthers of all the flowers
(c) By removing all the carpels of all the flowers
(d) None of these
(iv) Which of the following holds true for plant Q?
(a) Plant Q bears complete flowers
(b) Plant Q bears either male flowers or female flowers but never both
(c) Sexual reproduction in plant Q mayor may not give rise to genetic variations
(d) All of these
(v) Select the correct statement.
(a) Flowers of plant P produce large number of pollen grains as compared to flowers of plant Q
(b) Sexual reproduction in plant P does not bring variations
(c) Sexual reproduction in plant P often gives rise to new varieties due to accumulation of genetic variations
(d) Both (a) and (b)

When a human female reaches the age of puberty, a sexual cycle starts which is marked by vaginal bleeding for few days at regular time interval.
(i) What is the sexual cycle in human female that is taking place in reproductive organs in every 28 days andmarked by bleeding?

(ii) What is the scientific term used for the vaginal bleeding occurring in females at regular interval?

(iii) What is the duration of menstrual cycle in human females?

(iv) Why does vaginal bleeding occur in human females on attaining puberty?
(a) Unfertilised egg along with thick uterus lining come out of vagina in form of bleeding
(b) In human females, ovaries start releasing egg or ovum once every 28 days from the age of puberty.
(c) If fertilisation does not occur then menstrual flow occurs at the end of cycle
(d) All of these
(v) In what conditions vaginal bleeding will not occur in a human female who has attained puberty?
(a) If the female gets pregnant
(b) If there is some hormonal imbalance in female
(c) If the ovum is not fertilised
(d) Both (a) and (b)

A newly married couple does not want have children for few years. They consulted a doctor who advised them barrier method and chemical method of birth control. Yet another couple who already have two children and are middle aged also consulted doctor for some permanent solution to avoid unwanted pregnancy. Doctor advised them surgical method of birth control.
(i) What are the barrier methods of birth control?

(ii) How physical barrier prevent pregnancy?
(a) They kill the sperms
(b) They kill the ovum
(c) They prevent sperms from meeting the ovum
(d) They prevent intercourse
(iii) How chemical methods prevent pregnancy?
(a) Vaginal pills contain chemical called spermicides which kill the sperms
(b) Oral pills prevent ovulation so there will be no fertilisation
(c) Oral pills stop menstruation in females
(d) Both (a) and (b)
(iv) Select the correct statement regarding surgical method of birth control.
(a) It involves termination of pregnancies in women particularly after eight weeks of conception
(b) Small portion of sperm duct or vas deferences in males is removed by surgical operation and both cut ends are ligated properly
(c) Small portion of oviducts in females is removed by surgical operation and cut ends are ligated
(d) Both (b) and (c)
(v) Select the correct statement regarding birth control methods.
(a) Barrier method of birth control also protects the couple from sexually transmitted diseases
(b) Some women experience unpleasant side effects on taking oral pills because of change in hormonal balance in body
(c) Surgical method in males is called vasectomy and in females is called tubectomy
(d) All of these

A married woman used a device X made of common metal for preventing pregnancy. This device was put into her uterus by some trained medical professional. Unfortunately she got pregnant after two months of insertion of device. She was in shock to learn that her birth control device has failed.
(i) What is the name of birth control device used by the woman?

(ii) Which metal is commonly used for making device X?

(iii) How does device X prevent pregnancy?
(a) It prevents ovulation
(b) It prevents copulation
(c) It suppresses fertilising capacity of sperm
(d) None of these
(iv) Why do you think the woman got pregnant even after using device X?
(a) Device X might have got expelled without the knowledge of woman
(b) Device X might be defective and was not working from the beginning
(c) Device X could have been destroyed by the uterine fluid
(d) None of these
(v) Select the correct statement regarding device X.
(a) Device X is very effective in preventing sexually transmitted diseases
(b) Device X can be inserted in uterus by woman herself
(c) Device X prevents menstrual cycle in women
(d) Device X can cause heavy painful and longer duration periods or menstruation

X, Y and Z are sexually reproducing organisms. Fertilisation occurs either in external medium (water) or inside the body of organism. Thus two types of gametic fusion are external fertlisation and internal fertilisation. X undergoes external fertilisation whereas Y and Z undergo internal fertilisation. X and Y both release their eggs outside their body.
(i) Select the option that correctly identifies organisms X, Y and Z.

(ii) Select the correct statement regarding organisms X and Y.
(a) Y produces large number of eggs where X produces single egg at a time.
(b) Fertilisation in case of X occurs in water but fertilisation occurs inside the body of Y.
(c) X could be a reptile whereas Y could be fish or amphibian.
(d) Eggs of X are covered by hard calcareous shell whereas eggs ofY are covered in jelly.
(iii) Select the incorrect statement regarding organisms Y and Z.
(a) Y is oviparous whereas Z is viviparous.
(b) Zygote develops to complete baby in the bodies of organism Y and Z.
(c) Y could be a bird or reptile whereas Z could be a mammal.
(d) Both Y and Z copulate with their female counterparts to transfer sperms in their bodies.
(iv) Select the correct match.
(a) Eggs with calcareous shells - Parrot, King Cobra, Salmon
(b) Eggs with jelly covering - Toad, Eagle, Lizard
(c) Eggs without shell - Cat, Dog, Human
(d) Eggs produced in large numbers at a time - Rohu, Human, Python
(v) Why are eggs of animal X covered in jelly?
(a) To keep the eggs moist and offer some protection from predators
(b) To prevent the egg from breaking
(c) To prevent fertilisation of eggs
(d) All of these

Menstrual cycle is the cycle of events taking place in female reproductive organs, under the control of sex hormones, in every 28 days. At an interval of 28 days, a single egg is released from either of two ovaries. Regular menstrual cycle stopped abruptly in a married women. She got herself tested and was happy to discover that she is pregnant with her first baby.
(i) Why menstruation stops in a pregnant female?
(a) The egg gets fertilised so need not to be expelled out of body
(b) Ovulation stops during pregnancy and so do menstruation
(c) Thick uterine lining is needed for proper development of embryo, so that it is retained
(d) All of these
(ii) Select the correct sequence of acts that leads to pregnancy in a female.
A. Fertilisation of egg
B. Ovulation
C. Formation of zygote
D. Implantation

(iii) How is a zygote different from embryo?
(a) Zygote is formed by repeated division of embryo
(b) Zygote is formed by fusion of sperm and egg whereas embryo is formed by fusion of zygote with other zygote
(c) Zygote is single celled but embryo is multicellular
(d) Zygote is formed by fertilisation but embryo is formed without fertilisation
(iv) What change takes place in the uterus of a pregnant female?
(a) Uterine lining becomes thick and vascular
(b) Placenta develops which links the embryo to mother through umbilical cord
(c) Uterus lining containing lots of blood capillaries breaks down
(d) Both (a) and (b)
(v) Select the correct statement.
(a) The average duration of human pregnancy is about nine months
(b) The time period from fertilisation up to the birth of baby is called gestation
(c) If doctor finds any anomaly in the developing fetus then he may terminate pregnancy at an early stage, known as abortion
(d) All of these

X, Y and Z are three sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). X and Z are caused by bacteria whereas Y is caused by virus P. Virus P lowers the immunity of a person and leads to an incurable disease. X starts as painless sores on genitals rectum or mouth. Z causes painful urination and abnormal discharge from genitals.
(i) Select the option that correctly identifies disease X, Y and Z?

(ii) Identify virus P from the given paragraph.
(a) Human papilloma virus
(b) Human adenovirus
(c) Human immunodeficiency virus
(d) Human cytomegalovirus
(iii) What are the symptoms of disease Y?
(a) Weight loss
(b) Fever or night sweats
(c) Fatigue and weakness infections
(d) All of these
(iv) Select the incorrect statement regarding diseases X and Y.
(a) Both X and Y can spread from infected mother to unborn baby during pregnancy
(b) Both X and Y can spread from infected partner to healthy partner by unprotected sex
(c) Y can also spread through use of contaminated needles and blood transfusion
(d) None of these.
(v) How can disease Y be prevented?
(a) By following polygamy and having protected sex
(b) Use of sterilised needles for injecting medicines, blood tests, etc
(c) Collecting blood from unknown donors without background check by blood bank professionals
(d) All of these.