Which of the following was an allegory of the French nation?

Who wrote the History of the Loss of Vietnam?

What did Mahatma Gandhi in his book, Hind Swaraj, declare?

Which one of the following minerals is a fossil fuel? 

Which one of the following is an agro-based industry

Who was responsible for unification of Germany?

In 1911, the monarchy in china was overthrown by

By whom was the first image of Bharatmata painted?

About 63per cent of India's petroleum production is form

What is the rank of India in the production of nitrogenous fertilizers?

The French nation was represented by which female allegory?

When did Vietnam get independence?

Who were the 'Sanatanis'?

Which of the following is a non-metallic mineral?

Largest producer of Jute and Jute made goods

Who said these words, "When France sneeze the rest of the Europe catches a cold"?

When was the long established monarchy in China overthrown?

Whcih of the following formed the Khilafat Commitee in Bombay?

Which out of the following minerals is formed by the decomposition of surface rocks, and leaves a residual mass of weathered material?

Where was the first textile mill established?

Which of the following powers was not interested in extending their own control over the Balkans?

Which of the following is not true regarding the regime of Ngo-Dinh-Dien in south Vietnam?

Which of the following is not true regarding the impact of the First World War?

What has raised uncertainties about the security of energy supply in the future?

When does thermal pollution take place?

Which of the following is not true with reference to Napoleon?

What was the 'Party of Young Annan'?

'Swaraj' for plantation workers in Assam meant?

Which of the following statements is not true about the ferrous minerals? 

Which is the electronic capital of India?

What does a blind-folded woman carrying a pair of weighing scales symbolizes?

In which year did French troops land in Vietnam?

Why was the Round Table Conference held in England?

Nagarcoil and Jaisalmer are well-known for the effective use of

Which country is the largest producer and consumer of steel in the world?

Wilhelm Wolff was a

Which one of the following was not the objective of Vietnamese ' Go East Movement' of 1907-08?

What did Mahatma Gandhi in his book, Hind Swaraj, declare?

Which is the oldest oil producing state in India

Largest producer of Jute and Jute made goods

In Germany the measuring unit "Elle" was used to measure

In 1911, the monarchy in china was overthrown by

Who was Sir Mohammad Iqbal?

Which one of the following fuels is considered as environment-friendly? 

What challenge does the Jute industry face in India?

What was the most visible form of French control in Vietnam?

Which factors influence the location of an industry?

What is the role of border roads and national highways in transportation? 

Which alliance was set up by the Nepalese people to restore democracy in Nepal?

What is Bye-election?

What does Indo-China comprise of?

Which techniques of cotton textile production came into use after the 18^th century?

Who maintain the district roads?

Why and when did the movement start in Nepal?

What is Ruling Party?

What does Indo-China comprise of?

What is manufacturing?

State with highest road density.

Name any two sectional interest groups.

A group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government is called a ____________.

Why did the French build canals systems in Vietnam?

Which factors influence the location of an industry?

Which type of transport is most important in India.

How many recognised national parties are there in India?

What was the desire of Phan Boi Chau?

Name the states where aluminium plants are located.

Name the extreme locations connected by the east-west corridor.

Which alliance was set up by the Nepalese people to restore democracy in Nepal?

Who were Khmer Cambodians?

Where and when was the first cement industry set up in India?

Name the western terminal of the East-West Corridor.

who was chosen the new Prime minister of the interim government of Nepal?

What is meant by defection in politics?

Why did writers like Paul Bernard believe in developing the economy of the colonies?

Which factor is considered as the most prominent one in the industrial location in a region?

Which port was the first to be developed soon after Independence?

What are generic movements?

Which constitutional bodies suggest reforms in political parties?

Name most influential book, of Phan Boi Chau.

Oil India Limited (OIL) belongs to which type of industry?

Which are the primary road systems?

Distinguish between pressure groups and political parties by stating any one point of distinction.

Which party can be referred to as a recognised party?

Why did writers like Paul Bernard believe in developing the economy of the colonies?

Where and when was the first cement industry set up in India?

What is the average density of roads in India?

Which issue related to the city of Cochabamba?

When was BSP formed?

In which areas of Vietnam did the French built a canal to increase the cultivation for export?

Name the major electronics goods producing centres in India.

Who implements the superhighways in India?

What is NAPAM?

Why did India follow a multiparty system?

Which of the following is not a part of Indo-China

Which one of the following is not true regarding the views of Paul Bernard about how colonies should be developed?

Who among the following led the Scholar's Revolt of 1868 in Vietnam?

Who wrote the book "The History of the Loss of Vietnam"?

In which famous battle were the French defeated?

Which of the following is true regarding how the new artists depicted Liberty during the French Revolution?

The main function of the Prussian-Zollverein was to

Which customs union was formed by Prussia to abolish tariff barriers?

Conservatives did not believe in establishing and preserving

Which of the following powers was not interested in extending their own control over the Balkans?

The term Das volk means

The French nation was represented by which female allegory?

Who followed the policy of Blood and Iron for national unification?

Who said that, Italy was merely a geographical expression?

In which century nationalism emerged in Europe

Locate and label the following on the given political outline map of India:
(a) A place where session of Indian National Congress was held in September 1920.
(b) A place where session of Indian National Congress was held in 1929.
(c) A place in Bihar where Satyagraha Movement of indigo planters took place.
(d) Baradoli, the place, from where No tax campaign was started.
(e) A place in Gujarat where Gandhiji violated the Salt law.
(f) a place in Punjab where Jalianwalla Bagh incident took place (or) Amritsar
(g) Chennai (Madras)

Two features - A and B are marked in the given political outline map of India. Identify these features with the help of the following information and write their correct names on the lines marked in the map:
(a) The place where Indian national Congress Session was held in September 1920.
(b) The place where the Peasant Satyagraha was help in Gujarat.

Study and Observe the following map of conventional source of energy. Write the names of coal mines and oil fields with respective states.

Study the given outline map of India showing major Iron and Steel Plants in India.

Study and observe the following centres on the given outline map of India showing distribution of cotton, silk and woollen industry.

"Till mid-eighteenth century there were no nation-states in Europe." Support the statement with examples.

Mention the steps taken by the French to dismantle Chinese influence in Vietnam.

"The civil disobedience movement was different from the non-cooperation movement". Support the statement with examples.

Name the areas which have rich deposits of coal. What are the three major forms of coal? Write main features of each form.

Explain three factors which are responsible for decentralisation of cotton industry in India.

What steps did the French revolutionaries take to create a sense of collective identity among the French people?

Explain liberalism in political and economic fields prevailing in Europe in the 19th century.

Explain any three features of the 'Nature-State' that emerged in Europe in the twentieth century.

Write an evaluation of the Vietnamese war against the US from the point of (a) a porter on the Ho Chi Minh trail.  (b) a woman soldier.

Explain the views of Paul Bernard regarding the economy of Vietnam.

Using examples from your area, compare and contrast that activities and functions of private and public sectors.

What are secondary activities?  Explain with examples.

What are basic services?  Who undertakes the responsibility for such services in a  developing country?

How can the workers of unorganised sector be protected?

How does tertiary sector becoming more important than other sectors in India?

Why do different persons have different notions of development? Which of the following explanations is more important and why?
(a)Because people are different
(b)Because life situations of persons are different

Explain some of the important ideas of the above section in your own words

Give three examples where an average is used for comparing situations

Besides size of per capita income, what other property of income is important in comparing two or more societies?

From the text, find out the per capita income level of middle-income countries as per WDR 2006.

Explain any three factors which are responsible for breaking down the old notions of caste hierarchy.

"Gender division is not based on biology, but on social expectations and stereotypes." Support the statement.

What are the features of communal politics?

In our country, women still lag much behind men despite some improvement since independence. Analyze the reasons.

Write a note on women's political representation in our country.

Compare overlapping and cross-cutting of social differences with one example each.

Explain the cross-cutting differences with suitable examples.

Explain the overlapping and cross-cutting differences.

Differentiate between overlapping and cross-cutting differences.

Explain the reasons for social differences.

What are the key features of federalism?

Explain any four/five key features of federalism which have been incorporated in the Indian Constitution.

What are the power-sharing arrangement in India?

How is federalism practised in India?

Describe in brief the language policy in India

Examine any four reasons for strained relationship between the Sinhala and Tamil communities.

Why is power sharing necessary in democracy?  Explain

Why is power sharing desirable?

'Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy' Justify the statement with three suitable points.

Describe the main elements of the Belgian model of power sharing.

(i) Suggest the initiative taken by the government to ensure the increase in agricultural production.
(ii) Describe the geographical conditions required for the growth of rice.

Which are the two most important cereal crops of India? Mention the geographical conditions required for the growth of any one of these two crops?

What is plantation farming? Write some features of the plantation agriculture?

Describe any four characteristics of plantation agricultural.

Describe any four reforms brought in the India agriculture after independence through the efforts of the Indian Government.

Discuss how rainwater harvesting in semi-arid regions of Rajasthan is carried out.

Three-fourths of the earth's surface is covered with water, but still there is a scarcity of water across the globe. Explain giving three reasons.

Explain any three methods of traditional rainwater harvesting techniques in India.

Describe the traditional rainwater harvesting methods in India.

How have industrialization aggravated water scarcity in India?

(i) Describe how communities have conserved and protected forests and wildlife in India?
(ii) Write a note on good practices towards conserving forest and wildlife.

Explain with three examples, how communities have carried out conservation of flora and fauna in India?

"Nature worship is an old age belief." Explain how has it helped in the conservation of forests and wildlife.

How is biological loss of forests and wildlife correlated with loss of cultural diversity?

What measures have the central and state governments taken for the conservations of wildlife?

(i) Explain land use pattern in India and why has the land under forest not increased much since 1960-61?
(ii) How have technical and economic development led to more consumption of resources?

What do you mean by land use pattern? Name the factors that determine the use of land.

What is Regur Soil? Write its two features. Mention any two regions where regur soil is found.

Distinguish between the Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources.

Explain the classification of resources on the basis of exhaustibility.

Mention some important reasons for the popularity of the novels.

Explain, how did novels become a popular medium of entertainment among the middle class during the late nineteenth century in India.

How did novels become popular among masses?

How did Charles Dickens focus on the life of the inductrial workers and the terrible conditions of urban life in his novels? Explain with examples.

Explain the themes and issues of the novels of Charles Dickens with examples.

How did print help connect communities and people in different parts of India? Explain with examples.

Explain the role of print in the religious reforms in India.

How did the oral culture enter print and how was the printed material transmitted orally? Explain with suitable examples.

How did the printers manage to attract the people, largely illiterate, towards printed books?

Mention some of the innovations which have improved the printing technology after the 17^th century.

What was the impact of city life on women? Explain.

Mention the major characteristics of an ancient town.

What did historian Gareth Stedman Jones say about the 'City of London?

Explain the expansion of London over the nineteenth century.

Explain any three reasons for which the population of London expanded during the 19^th century.

Explain any three major problems faced by the new European merchants in setting up their industries in town before the Industrial Revolution.

What is meant by proto-industrialisation? Why was it successful in the countryside in England in the 17th century?

Why did the peasants agree to accept advances made by the merchants to produce goods for them in Europe during the 17th and the 18th centuries? Explain three reasons.

Briefly explain the method and system of production in the countryside in England.

Mention any four features of the proto-Industrial system.

What are the factors responsible for the consumer exploitation?

Mention a few factors that cause exploitation of consumers.

State the rights of consumers as codified in Indian laws.

How is the consumer redressal process becoming cumbersome, expensive and time consuming? Explain.

Explain why a consumer should learn to be well informed.

How Bretton Woods System Worked?

What were the advantages of invention of refrigerated ship?

What was the importance of the Indian trade for the British?

What were the effects of the British Government's decision to abolish the Corn Laws?

What were the crucial influences that shaped post-war (II World War) reconstruction?

How did Belgium shift from a unitary to a federal form of government?

What are the key features of federalism?

Explain any four/five key features of federalism which have been incorporated in the Indian Constitution.

What are the power-sharing arrangement in India?

Explain how power is shared among different organs of the government?

What was the black power movement? Explain.

Explain the Civil Rights movement in the USA.

What are the three factors to decide the outcome of politics of social division.

The assertion of social diversities in a country need not be seen as a source of danger - why?

Compare overlapping and cross-cutting of social differences with one example each.

Explain any three forms of caste politics in India.

Explain any four forms of casteism in Indian politics.

Explain the role of caste in Indian politics.

What is a secular state? How does the constitution ensure that India remains a secular state?

Explain any three factors which are responsible for breaking down the old notions of caste hierarchy.

Using examples from your area, compare and contrast that activities and functions of private and public sectors.

What are secondary activities?  Explain with examples.

What are tertiary activities?  Explain with examples.

What are basic services?  Who undertakes the responsibility for such services in a  developing country?

What is the meaning of underemployment?  In which economic sector are underemployment conditions more prevalent?  Why is it so?  Explain two reasons.

What was there a civil war in Sri Lanka?

Power can be shared among governments at different levels.  Explain.

Examine any four reasons for strained relationship between the Sinhala and Tamil communities.

Why is power sharing necessary in democracy?  Explain

Why is power sharing desirable?

Give three examples where an average is used for comparing situations

From the text, find out the per capita income level of middle-income countries as per WDR 2006.

What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? What are the limitations of their criterion, if any?

List a few examples of environmental degradation that you may have observed around you.

Compare India and Sri Lanka on the basis of any three indicators of Human Development 

(i) Suggest the initiative taken by the government to ensure the increase in agricultural production.
(ii) Describe the geographical conditions required for the growth of rice.

Which are the two most important cereal crops of India? Mention the geographical conditions required for the growth of any one of these two crops?

What is plantation farming? Write some features of the plantation agriculture?

Describe any four characteristics of plantation agricultural.

Describe any four reforms brought in the India agriculture after independence through the efforts of the Indian Government.

What is the Krishna Godavari dispute raised by the Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh Governments?

Do you agree that the need of the hour is to conserve and manage our water resources? Justify your answer with any three suitable arguments.

Give an account on any three hydraulic structures of ancient India.

What are tankas? How are they useful?

Discuss how rainwater harvesting in semi-arid regions of Rajasthan is carried out.

Explain any three factors responsible for decline of India's biodiversity.

(i) Describe how communities have conserved and protected forests and wildlife in India?
(ii) Write a note on good practices towards conserving forest and wildlife.

Explain with three examples, how communities have carried out conservation of flora and fauna in India?

"Nature worship is an old age belief." Explain how has it helped in the conservation of forests and wildlife.

(i) Explain land use pattern in India and why has the land under forest not increased much since 1960-61?
(ii) How have technical and economic development led to more consumption of resources?

What do you mean by land use pattern? Name the factors that determine the use of land.

What is Regur Soil? Write its two features. Mention any two regions where regur soil is found.

Explain the resources on the basis of exhaustibility with the help of examples.

Classify resources on the basis on the basis of ownership into four categories. Mention the main feature of each.

How did novels promote colonialism? Explain with an example of a novel.

What kind of novels were written for young boys in the 19th century? Explain.

How did novels make themselves relevant to young boys?

Explain any five features of novels written for the young in the last stage of 19th century.

Explain the history of growth of novels in India.

How did print help connect communities and people in different parts of India? Explain with examples.

Explain the role of print in the religious reforms in India.

"Oral culture and print culture were complimentary to each other." Justify the statement with any three suitable arguments.

Mention some of the innovations which have improved the printing technology after the 17^th century.

Highlight any three innovations which have improved the printing technology from 19^th century onwards.

Mention various measures which were taken a decongest London in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

What was the impact of city life on women? Explain.

Mention the major characteristics of an ancient town.

Explain the expansion of London over the nineteenth century.

Explain any three reasons for which the population of London expanded during the 19^th century.

In the seventeeth and the eighteenth centuries, the merchants from the towns in Europe began moving to the countryside: Give reasons.

Explain any three major problems faced by the new European merchants in setting up their industries in town before the Industrial Revolution.

Why did the peasants agree to accept advances made by the merchants to produce goods for them in Europe during the 17th and the 18th centuries? Explain three reasons.

How were new merchant groups in Europe able to spread their business in the countryside before the Industrial Revolution?  Explain.

Mention any four features of the proto-Industrial system.

The silk routes are a good example of trade and cultural link between distant parts of the world. Explain with examples. 

Enumerate the importance of silk Routes.

"The indentured workers had discovered their own ways of surviving. "Explain.

How did the indentured labourers maintain their cultural identity in other part of the world?

Describe in brief the world economic conditions of the post First World War period.

How has WTO affected Indian economy? What was its favourable and unfavourable impact?

What is an MNC? Give two examples of Indian companies that have emerged as MNCs. What are the harmful effects of MNCs to a host country? Give three examples.

What is trade? Explain the importance of international trade.

How have our markets been transformed in recent years. Explain with examples.

Why are transactions made in money? Explain with suitable examples.

What are the various sources of credit in rural areas? Which one of them is the most convenient source of credit? Why is it most convenient? Give two reasons.

Mention four characteristics each of the formal and informal sources of credit in India.

How does the Reserve Bank of India supervise the functioning of banks? Why is this necessary?

Describe four features of Self-Help Group (SHG)

Examine with the help of three examples, how dignity and freedom of citizens are best guaranteed in a democracy.

How are the democratic governments better than the other forms of government? Compare.

"Most negative feature of democracy is that its examination never gets over." Support the statement with three arguments.

"Constant complaints by people can be seen as a testimony to the success of an democracy." Explain.

What outcome can one reasonably expect of democracies?

The challenge of deepening of democracy is faced by every democracy in one form or another. Support the statement with three suitable arguments.

Explain briefly the foundational challenge of making transition to democracy set up a democratic government? Suggest any three measures.

Suggest any three ways in which political reforms can be made in India?

What is the meaning of democracy reform? Give two examples of democratic reforms in India.

Explain the three major challenges faced by modern democracies.

What is double coincidence of want? How has money solved this problem?

Answers the following questions:
(a) Why are banks unwilling to lend loans to small farmers?
(b) Besides banks, what are the other sources of credit from the farmers can borrow?
(c) Explain how terms of credit can be unfavourable for the small farmers.
(d) From where can small farmers get cheap loans?

Differentiate between formal sector credit and informal sector credit.

Why is cheap and affordable credit important for a country's development? Explain.

How has WTO affected Indian economy? What was its favourable and unfavourable impact?

How could you distinguish between 'foreign trade' and 'foreign investment'? Explain the role of MNCs in foreign trade and foreign investments.

Explain any four ways in which multinational corporations have spread their production and interaction with local producers in various countries across the globe.

'Globalisation and competition among producers have been of advantage to the consumers.' Give arguments in support of this statement.

What is an MNC? Give two examples of Indian companies that have emerged as MNCs. What are the harmful effects of MNCs to a host country? Give three examples.

"Rules and regulations are required for the protection of the consumers in the market place".

Why are rules and regulations required in the market place? Explain.

How have markets been transformed in recent years? Explain with example.

Consumers have the right to be informed about goods and services they purchase. Explain its three advantages.

"There is a great need for acquiring the knowledge, and skill to become a well-informed consumer.' Support the statement.

What is the necessity of political parties in a democratic set-up?  Explain any three points.

Political parties are a necessary condition for a democracy.  Analyse the statement with examples.

'Modern democracies cannot exist without political parties.'  Examine the statement.

Why can modern democracies not exist without political parties?  Explain.

Name the national political party which gets inspiration from India's ancient culture and values.Mention four features of that party.

Why are most of the jute mills located along the banks of the River Hugli? Explain any three reasons for this.

Explain the main factors responsible for the concentration of jute industry in Hugli basin.

Explain any three types of pollution caused by industries.

How are integrated steel plants different from mini steel plants? What problems does the industry face? What recent developments have led to a rise in the production capacity?

Mention tree main problems faced by the textile industry. What is the contribution of the textile industry to Indian economy?

What are pressure groups?How are they different from political parties?

How has Pressure Groups and Movements deepened democracy?

State any three causes of Bolivia's protest in 2000.

Compare and contrast single-issue movements with general or long-term movements.

"Organisations play a direct and indirect role in the working a democracy". Discuss.

(i) Why are the means of transportation and communication called the lifelines of a nation and its economy?
(ii) Write a note on the changing nature of the international trade in the last fifteen years.

'Indian road transportation is confronted with problems'. Describe any four.

Describe any five major problems faced by road transport in India.

Discuss the significance of National Highways and Border Roads.

How are pipelines useful? Explain any four merits of pipeline transport in India.

Differentiate between metallic and non-metallic minerals with examples

Highlight the importance of petroleum. Explain the occurrence of petroleum in India.

Why is conservation of mineral resources essential? Explain any three methods to conserve them

Why is it necessary to conserve mineral resources? Suggest any four way to conserve mineral resources.

What sustains democracy in India?

"Different countries face different kinds of challenges". Support the statement with suitable examples.

Explain the "foundational challenge" of democracy by stating three points.

What is the meaning of democracy reform? Give two examples of democratic reforms in India.

Explain any five major challenges being faced by the Indian democracy.

Discuss some merits and demerits in the light of your study of the chapter.

How do democracies accommodate various social divisions? Explain with examples.

"Democracy is a better form of government." Support the statement with three arguments.

Why do we feel that democracy is a better form of government than any other form? Explain.

Explain any four features that are common in all democratic set-ups of the government.

Describe the factors and developments leading to the US entry into Vietnamese struggle.

How did students in Vietnam fight against the colonial government's effort to prevent Vietnamese from qualifying for 'white collar jobs'?  explain

Explain any five features of the 'Go east movement' in Vietnam.

"U.S. entry into the war in Vietnam marked a new phase that proved costly to Vietnamese as well as to the Americans." Analyse the statement

Describe the major problems in the field of education for the French in Vietnam.

Assess the role of Mahatma Gandhi in the nationalist movement with special reference to the methods adopted by him.

Explain any five effects of Non-Cooperation Movement on the economy of India.

Mention the features of the Gudem Hills rebellion? What methods were adopted by the tribals to gain swaraj?

Write a short note on the Non-Cooperation Movement.

What were the developments that led to the launching of the Civil Disobedience Movement?

Describe in brief any four features of the Vienna Treaty 1815.

Briefly trace the process of unification of Italy.

Describe the process of unification of Italy.

Describe the process of unification of Germany.

Mention any too economic obstacles that the liberal-nationalists wanted to overcome. In what way did the Zollverein customs union of 1934 try to overcome these shortcomings?

What is biodiversity? Why is biodiversity important for human lives?

What is biodiversity?

What are the effects of the destruction of bio-diversity in India?

Describe the distribution of different types of forests in India.

Describe different categories of existing plants and animal species.

(i) Name one important beverage crop and specify the geographical conditions required for its growth.
(ii) Name one staple crop of India and the regions where it is produced.
(iii) Enlist the various institutional reform programmes introduced by the government in the interest of farmers.

What are the challenges faced by India farmers today?

Mention in brief, the various limitations from which the Indian agriculture suffers presently.

Describe any three geographical conditions required for tea cultivation. Name any two producing states of tea.

Name the most important beverage crops of India. Describe the suitable climate conditions required for its growth. Also mention the major states producing that crop.

Explain the major forms of power sharing in modern democracies.

Explain four forms of participation in government under modern democratic system.

In Modern democracies, power is often shared among different organs of the government.  Explain.

Explain any four forms of power sharing.

State one prudential reason and one moral reason for power sharing with an example from the Indian context.

State different forms of the communal politics with one example of each.

Explain the various forms that communalism can take in politics.

What form does communalism take in politics?

State two reasons to say that caste alone cannot determine election results in India.

What is the status of women's representation in India's legislative bodies?

Why do you think average income is an important criterion for development? Explain

Besides size of per capita income, what other property of income is important in comparing two or more societies?

Write a paragraph on your notion of what should India do, or achieve, to become a developed country.

What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? What are the limitations of their criterion, if any?

In what respect is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different from the one used by the World Bank?

Explain the difference between primary, secondary and tertiary sectors using examples other than those mentioned in the text.

Classify the following list of occupations under primary, secondary and tertiary sectors (Tailor, Basket weaver, Flower cultivator, Milk vendor, Fishermen, Priest, Courier, Workers in match factory, Money lender, Gardener, Potter, Bee-keeper, Astronaut, Call centre employee)

Explain how a shift has taken place between sectors in developed countries?

Describe the historical changes that have taken place in sectors of the economy in the developed countries.

Correct and arrange the important aspects for calculating GDP from this Jumble.
To count goods and services we add the numbers that are produced. We count all those that were produced in the last five years. Since we shouldn't leave out anything, we add up all these goods and services.

(i) Name three states having black soil and the crop which is mainly grown in it.
(ii) What type of soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coast? Give three main features of this type of soil.
(iii) what steps can be taken to control soil erosion in the hilly areas?

Write brief note on first earth summit.

Examine the three major problems that have been created due to the indiscriminate use of resources by human beings.

What steps can be taken to control soil erosion in hilly areas?

When and why was the Rio-de-Janeiro Earth summit held?

Identify ans Shade three federal countries (Other than India) on a blank outline political map of the world.

Point out one feature in the practice of federalism in India that is similar to and one feature that is different from that of Belgium.

What is the main difference between a federal form of government and a unitary one? Explain with an example.

State any two different between the local government before and after the constitutional amendment in 1992.

Explain how water becomes a renewable resource.

Explain any three reasons responsible for water scarcity in India.

Explain any three disadvantages of multipurpose projects.

How does water threaten human welfare?

Prove by giving examples that river valley projects fail to achieve the purpose for which they were built.

Discuss three factors that determine the outcomes of politics of social divisions.

Describe the three factors which determine the outcome of the politics of social divisions.

"Three factors are crucial in deciding the outcome of politica of social divisions." Explain.

When does a social difference become a social division?

How do social divisions affect politics? Give two examples.

How did novel become a popular medium of entertainment among the middle class in India?  Explain.

How did the novels play a significant role in awareness about the India's glorious past?

How did novels inspire the freedom fighters? Explain with two examples.

In what ways did the character of the novel 'Indulekha' show that India and foreign 'lifestyles' could be brought together in an ideal combination?

How did the characters like Indulekha and Madhavan inspire the contemporary generations to strike a balance between the western ideas and Indian traditional culture?

Give reasons for the following :
(a) Woodblock print only came to Europe after 1295.
(b) Martin Luther was in favour of print and spoke out in praise of it.
(c) The Roman Catholic Church began keeping an index of Prohibited books from the mid-sixteenth century.
(d) Gandhi said the fight for Swaraj is a fight for liberty of speech, liberty of the press, and freedom of association.

Write short notes to show what you know about:
a) The Gutenberg Press
b) Erasmus’s idea of the printed book
c) The Vernacular Press Act

What did the spread of print culture in nineteenth century India mean to:
(a) Women
(b) The poor
(c) Reformers

Why did some people in eighteenth century Europe think that print culture would bring enlightenment and end despotism?

Why did some people fear the effect of easily available printed books? Choose one example from Europe and one from India.

Give the reasons, events and results of the Movent of April 2006 in Nepal.

Mention three points of different between pressure groups and political parties.

Describe Bolivia's water war.

State any three causes of Bolivia's protest in 2000.

Distinguish between issue-specific movements and long term movements

Discuss the merits and demerits of two-party system and multi-party system.

Suggest any five effective measures to reform political parties.

What are the main functions of a political party?

Mention the features of Congress party in India?

What is the necessity of political parties in a democratic set-up?  Explain any three points.

What were the changes in the kind of work available to women in London between the 19^th and the 20^th century? Explain the factors which led to this change.

How did the condition of women workers change from 19^th to 20^th century in London?

Why did housing become a concern to people of London in the early 20^th century? State the measures taken to solve the problem.

Why well-off Londoners supported the need to build housing for the poor in the 19^th century?

What led to the major expansion of Bombay's population in the mid 19^th century?

What steps were taken by East Company to control the market of cotton and silk goods?

Imagine that you have been asked to write an article an encyclopedia on Britain and the history of cotton. Write your piece using information from the entire chapter.

Why did industrial production in India increase during the First World War?

Why were there frequent clashes between gomasthas and weavers in the villages? Explain five reasons.

Why was the East India Company keen on expanding textile exports from India during 1760's?

Give two examples of different types of global exchanges which took place before the seventeenth century, choosing one example from Asia and one from the Americas.

3 The decision of MNCs to relocate production to Asian countries.

What is meant by the Bretton Woods Agreement?

Explain the three types of movements or flows within international economic exchange. Find one example of each type of flow which involved India and Indians, and write a short account of it.

(i) Explain what is referred to as the G-77 countries.
(ii) In what ways can G-77 be seen as a reaction to be activities of the Bretton Woods twins?

Find out the details of who provides Hallmark and ISO certification.

How has competition benefited people in India?

Can you think of some example of good services being exchanged or wages being paid through barter?

Consider the following information
A shoe manufacturer, M. Salim has to make a payment to the leather supplier and writes a cheque for a specific amount. This means that the shoe manufacturer instructs his bank to pay this amount to the leather supplier. The leather supplier takes this cheque and deposits it in his own account in the bank. The money is trans- ferred from one bank account to another bank account in a couple of days. The transaction is complete without any payment of cash.
Now answer the following questions
Mr.Salim  wants to withdraw Rs 20,000 in cash for making payments. How would he write a cheque to withdraw money?

Why do lenders ask for collateral while lending?

Given that a large number of people in our country are poor, does it in any way affect their capacity to borrow?

What are the two categories of source of credit? Mention any features of each.

Explain any five importance of railways as a means of transport.

Describe the importance of Pipelines in India.

Explain any four merits of pipeline transport in India.

Mention four demerits of road transportation with reference of India.

Discuss the importance of tourism in India.

Explain any five measures to control industrial pollution in India.

Distinguish between cotton textile and iron and steel industry.

Explain three factors which are responsible for decentralisation of cotton industry in India.

Examine some of the problems faced by the cotton textile industries today.

Why is aluminium smelting gaining popularity?

"A dense and efficient network of transport and communication is a pre-requisite for local, national and global trade of today". Justify the statement.

How has the world been converted into a global village? Explain.

As an industry, how has tourism a bright future in India? Explain.

Describe the changing nature of the international trade in the last fifteen years.

What are district roads? Who maintains it?

In what ways do pressure groups and movement exert influence on politics?

How do pressure groups and movement influence politics?

"Pressure groups and movements exert influence on politics in different ways".Support the statement with suitable examples.

Describe the forms of relationship between pressure groups and political parties?

Explain how the activities of pressure groups are useful in the functioning of a democratic government.

What are the various challenges faced by political parties?

How can political parties be reformed? Explain

'No system is ideal for all countries and all situations'. Explain.

"There is lack of internal democracy within the political parties". Justify the statement with three arguments.

What are the conditions under which democracies accommodate social diversities?

Identify the challenges to democracy in the following descriptions. Also suggest policy/institutional mechanism to deepen democracy in the given situations:
(i) Following a High Court directive a temple in Odisha that had separate entry doors for dalits and non-dalits allowed entry for all from the same door.
(ii) A large number of farmers are committing suicide in different states of India.
(ii) Following allegation of killing of three civilians in Gandwara in a fake encounter by Jammu and Kashmir police, an Kashmir police, an enquiry has been ordered.

"Democracy is better than any other form of government". Give arguments in favors of this statement

How do we feel that democracy is better than any form of government? explain.

Here are some challenges that require political reforms. Discuss these challenges in detail and study the reform options offered here and give your preferred solutions with reasons. Remember that none of the options offered here and give your preferred solution with reasons. Remember that none of the options offered here is 'right' or 'wrong'. You can opt for a mix for more than one option, or come up with something that is not offered here. But you must give your solution in detail and offer reasons for your choice.

"Challenge of expansion is very common which an established Democracy faces". Comment.

How would you like to expand the definition of Democracy? Explain.

What do you mean by foundational challenge in democracy? What values can help to overcome this challenge?

What are the forms of challenges faced by different countries in respect to democracy?