The picture given below depicts the location of endocrine glands in a human body. Answer the questions that follow:

Identify and name the gland described in each of the following.
(a) The gland that secretes emergency hormones.
(b) The gland concerned with the normal rhythms of sleep-wake cycle.
(c) The gland that plays a major role in the development of immune system.
(d) The gland which secretes gonadotropins.
(e) The gland that regulates glucose homeostasis.
(f) The gland that secretes androgens.

The picture given below is the diagrammatic representation of pituitary and its relationship with the hypothalamus.

Answer the following questions.
(a) What doesArepresent? Name the two hormones secreted by A.
(b) What is the significance of B?
(c) Identify D.

A milkman is very upset one morning as his cow refuses to give milk, The milkman's wife gets the calf from the shed. On fondling by the calf, the cow gave sufficient milk Describe the role of endocrine gland and pathway associated with the response.

On an education trip to Uttranchal, Ketki and her friends observed that many local people were having a swelling in their neck. Please help Ketki and her friends to find out the solutions to the following questions.
(a) Which probable disease are these local people suffering from?
(b) What is the cause of the disease?
(c) Whatis the effect of this condition on pregnancy?
(d) What is exopthalmic goitre?

A sample of urine was diagnosed to contain high amount of glucose and ketone bodies. Based on this observation, answer the following questions.
(a) Name the endocrine gland and the hormone, related to this disorder.
(b) Name the cells targetted by this hormone.
(c) What term is given to this condition?
(d) How can it be treated?

The major parts of the human neural system are depicted below.
Fill in the empty boxes (A to F) with the appropriate words.

The following flow chart gives the steps in the generation and conduction of a nerve impulse along a nerve fibre. Fill in the blanks A, B, C, D, E and F. At resting/polarised state of the neuron, the electrical potential difference is called ______ (A).
                                      \(\downarrow\) 
When the neuron is stimulated at a point, there is a rapid influx of _____(B) and the outer side becomes ______(C) charged.
                                      \(\downarrow\) 
The membrane is ______(D) and the potential difference across the membrane, is called _______(E).
                                      \(\downarrow\) 
The permeability of the membrane to B is very short-lived and the membrane potential A is restored, i.e. membrane is _______(F).

The following flow chart depicts the events in synaptic transmission. Fill in the blanks (A), (B), (C), (D), (E) and (F).

A diagrammatic representation of the reflex action (knee-jerk reflex) is shown above. The components of a reflex arc are labelled.
Identify the labels A to F shown on the diagram.

The diagram showing parts of an eye is given above.
Identify and name the part as asked below.
(a) The anterior part of sclera.
(b) The thinned-out portion of the retina that contains only cones.
(c) The thickened anterior part of choroid.
(d) The space between the lens and retina.
(e) The pigmented and opaque structure that forms the coloured portion of the eye.
(f) The point slightly above the posterior pole through which optic nerve leaves the eyeball.

A diagrammatic sketch of an actin filament is shown aboye. Answer the following questions.
(a) Name the parts labelled A, B and C.
(b) What is the significance of A during resting stage?
(c) Name the monomers of C.

A diagrammatic sketch of a myosin filament is given above. Answer the following questions.
(a) Identify the following in the diagram of myosin filament.
(i) ATP-binding sites
(ii) Actin-binding sites
(b) Name the monomers of myosin.
(c) Expand
(i) HMM and
(ii) LMM.

Radha was running on a treadmill at a great speed for 15 minutes continuously. She stopped the treadmill abruptly and came out. For the next few minutes, she was breathing heavily/fast. Answer the following questions.
(a) What happened to her muscles, when she strenuously exercised?
(b) Why did her breathing rate change?

A diagram of human rib cage is given above, Observe the diagram and answer the following questions.
(a) What are true ribs? How many are true ribs in the rib cage?
(b) What are vertebrochondral ribs?
(c) Why are the ribs described as bicephalic?

The diagram of a pectoral girdle of a human is shown below. Observe the diagram. fill in the blanks in the description ofthe structure of a pectoral girdle of humans.

Each pectoral girdle is formed of two bones, ______(A) and ________(B) shown in the diagram. The bone B has an elevated ridge, called __________(C), which projects as a flat expanded process, called _________(D), where the A articulates. Below D is a depression called ________(E), where the ________(F) articulates.

Animals accumulate nitrogenous wastes, carbon dioxide, water and some inorganic ions as metabolic wastes, which have to be eliminated totally or partially.
(a) Name the most toxic and the least toxic nitrogenous wastes.
(b) Kidneys do not play any significant role in the elimination of Ammonia. How is ammonia eliminated by animals?
(c) What term is given to the animals which excrete urea as their major nitrogenous waste?
(d) How is carbon dioxide eliminated by human beings?

A survey of the animal kingdom shows that different groups of animals have different types of excretory structures. They depend on their habitats and the nature of the excretory products.
(a) Human kidneys perform not only excretion of nitrogenous wastes, but also another function. Name that function.
(b) Name the excretory structures of
(i) Amphioxus
(ii) Crustaceans (iii) Insects
(iv) Platyhelminths
(v) Annelids.

Nephrons are the structural and functional of human kidneys; they are the complex tubular structures.
(a) What are the two major parts of a nephron?
(b) What is renal corpuscle?
(c) Name the two types of nephrons in human kidneys.

A diagram of a Malpighian body (also called Renal corpuscle) is given above. Answer the following questions
(a) Name the parts labelled as A, B, C and D.
(b) What does the Malpighian body continue as?
(c) What are peritubular capillaries?

The kidneys have built-in mechanisms for the regulation of glomerular filtration rate. One such mechanism carried out by the juxta glomerular apparatus is shown in the following flow chart. Fill in the blanks A, B. C, D, E and F in the flow chart.
The (A) cells release Renin when there is a fall in (B)
\(\downarrow\) 
Renin converts (C) in the in blood into (D)
\(\downarrow\) 
D activates the adrenal cortex to release (E)
\(\downarrow\)
E raises the reabsorption of Na⁺ and water and raises the (F)

The aboye diagram shows the different types of leucocytes.
Identify and name the cells as asked in the following questions.
(a) Name the two types of leucocytes that are phagocytic.
(b) Which among them is the
(i) most abundant
(ii) least in number?
(c) Which among them is involved in
(i) allergic r:eactions
(ii) inflammatory reactions?

You know that there are four blood groups, A, B AB, and O, among human beings. Now, answer the following questions based on that.
(a) What forms the basis for this classification?
(b) Before any transfusion of blood, why should the blood of the donor be matched carefully with that of the recipient?
(c) Why are persons with blood group AB called (universal recipient'?
(d) Name the blood group(s), which
(i) persons with blood group 'O'can receive
(ii) can be donated only to persons with blood group'AB'.

Amit and Mrinal are good friends. Amit,s father had an injury and needed blood transfusion; he is of blood group B. Mrinal is of blood group A and he had arranged for blood donors.
(a) Name the blood groups that will be suitable for transfusion to Amit's father.
(b) Name the antigen and the antibody present in Mrinal's blood.
(c) Why are persons with blood group O known as 'universal donors'?

There are two types of blood groupings - the ABO and Rh groups, which are widely used all over the world.
Answer the following questions regarding Regrouping.
(a) What forms the basis for classifying human individuals as Rh-positive and Rh-negative?
(b) If a foetus is suffering from a condition, called erythroblastosis fetal, identify the Rh group of the
(i) mother
(ii) father
(iii)  foetus.
(c) How can this condition be avoided?

If you injure your finger while cutting vegetables, the blood stops oozing out of the wound in a short time. Blood exhibits coagulation or clotting, a mechanism to prevent excess loss of blood from the body. A clot or coagulum is formed at the site of injury. The following flow chart shows the steps in the mechanism of coagulation. Fill in the blanks A to F.
When blood comes out of the blood vessels from an injury, the platelets release certain factors.
\(\downarrow\) 
These factors stimulate the reactions in the plasma fo form enzyme (A)
\(\downarrow\)
The above enzyme converts (B) in the plasma into (C)
\(\downarrow\)
C converts the inactive (D) into a network of threads, called (E)
\(\downarrow\)
A coagulum or clot is formed when the dead and damaged (F) are trapped in E.

A diagrammatic view of human respiratory system (with a sectional view of the left lung) is shown above. Answer the following questions
(a) Identify any four parts belonging to the conducting part of the respiratory system.
(b) Mention any two functions of the conducting parts of the system other than the transport of air to alveoli.

The lungs are situated in the thoracic chamber, which is anatomically an air-tight chamber. Answer the following questions regarding this.
(a) Mention the boundaries of the thoracic chamber that make it an air-tight chamber.
(b) What is its significance?
(c) Why is it essential for breathing?

The two stages in the breathing process are shown below. Observe the diagram and answer the question that follow:

(a) Identify the two stages (A and B) of breathing.
(b) Mention the condition and the position of diaphragm in A and B, respectively.
(c) Compare the intra-pulmonary air pressure in the stages A and B.

A diagrammatic representation of the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood and their exchange at alveolus and the body tissues, is shown below.

Give the values of P_O2 and P_CP2 at A, Band C shown in the diagram.

A diagram of a section of an alveolus with a pulmonary capillary is given below. Answer the questions that follow:

Exchange between Alveolus and Capillaries
(a) Identify the three major layers that form the diffusion membrane. What is the total thickness of the membrane?
(b) Mention the two factors that affect the rate of diffusion of gases

The anterior. opening of our alimentary canal, the mouth, leads into the oral or buccal cavity. It contains a muscular tongue and a number of teeth of various types. Answer the following questions.
(a) How is the tongue attached to the floor of the buccal cavity?
(b) Where are taste buds present in the tongue?
(c) What do the terms
(i) diphyodont,
(ii) heterodont and
(iii) thecodont signify with reference to human dentition?
(d) Same the substance that makes up the hard chewing surface of the teeth, is made of.

(a) Identify the four types of teeth, (A, B, C, D) that are present in an adult human.
(b) Write the dental formula of an adult human.

The different regions in the human stomach are shown in the figure given above.
(a) Where is stomach located in our body?
(b) Identify the parts B, C and D in the diagram.
(c) Name the sphincters that regulate the
(i) entry and
(ii) exit of food into and out of the stomach, respectively.

Given below is the diagrammatic representation of the transverse section of human gut, showing the four basic layers (of different cell types and tissues) of its wall. Observe the diagram and answer the questions that follow:

(a) Identify and name the layer
(i) that is made of mesothelium with some connective tissue.
(ii) that forms infoldings into the lumen of alimentary canal.
(b) Identify G. Why do they have a brush-border appearance?
(c) Identify E and name the glands present in it in the duodenal region.

The above diagram shows the duct systems of liver, gall bladder and pancreas. Answer the following questions.
(a) Identify the ducts only, from among the parts labelled A to G.
(b) Where is sphincter of Oddi present?

The diagram given below is a diagrammatic representation of the locations of meristems in the shoot and root of a plant.
Answer the questions that follow.
(a) Identify the letters A, B and C marked in the figure.
(b) What do the arrows indicate?
(c) Which among them is/are involved in
(i) primary growth
(ii) secondary growth?

The diagram shows the detection of zones of elongation in the primary root. Answer the questions that follow:

(a) Name the technique used to detect the zones of elongation in the root tip.
(b) Name the zones that have elongated the most.
(c) Mention the three characteristics of the cells in the zones of elongation.

An organism or a part of the organism can produce cells during growth in a variety of ways. The following figure is a diagrammatic representation of two types of growth, A and B.

Identify the types of growth A and B. Differentiate between them with an example of each.

The above diagram shows. a linear growth curve. Answer the following questions based on it.
(a) What type of growth is exhibited in the above graph?
(b) Give an example where such a curve can be obtained.
(c) How can it be mathematically expressed?

A sigmoid growth curve is shown above. Answer the following questions based on it.
(a) Name the phases of growth A, Band C in the graph.
(b) What type of growth occurs in phase B?
(c) How can it be mathematically expressed?

A process is occurring throughout the day in an organism 'X'. Cells of the body do participate in the process. During the process, ATP, CO2 and water are formed. It is not a light-dependent process.
(a) Name the process.
(b) Is it a catabolic process or an anabolic process?
(c) What could be the raw material for this process?

A simplified form of glycolysis is shown in the flow chart given below, where pyruvic acid is the end product.

Write the three metabolic fates, A, Band C of the pyruvic acid and mention against each aerobic or anaerobic condition.
 

The flow chart given below represents the major pathways of anaerobic respiration. Answer the questions that follow:

(a) Identify A, B, C and D.
(b) Name the two enzymes involved in the conversion of pyruvic acid to C.

Study the equation given below and answer the questions that follow:
\(\begin{aligned} \text { Pyruvic acid }+\mathbf{C o A}+\mathbf{N A D}^{+} \frac{\mathbf{M g}^{2+}}{(\mathrm{A})} \ { Acetyl } \mathbf{C o A}+\mathbf{C O}_{2}+\mathbf{N A D H}+\mathbf{H}^{+} \end{aligned}\) 
(a) Name the type of reaction, the pyruvic acid undergoes.
(b) Where does this process take place?
(c) Name the enzyme \(\text { (A) }\) involved in the reaction.
(d) What is the fate of acetyl CoA formed?

The summary equation for a particular phase of respiration is given below. Study the equation and answer the questions that follow.
\(\begin{aligned} \ { Pyruvic \ \ acid }+4 \mathrm{NAD}^{+}+\mathrm{FAD}+2 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}+\mathrm{ADP}+\mathrm{P}_{i} \longrightarrow 3 \mathrm{CO}_{2}+4 \mathrm{NADH}+4 \mathrm{H}^{+}+\mathrm{FADH}_{2}+\mathrm{ATP} \end{aligned} \)(a) What does the equation represent?
(b) Where does this process take place?
(c) How many ATPs can be formed from 4NADH and one FADH₂ shown 'in the equation?

Observe the experimental setup and answer the following questions.
(a) Name the scientist who conducted this experiment.
(b) What did he conclude from this experiment?
(c) Name the scientist who showed that
(i) light is necessary for photosynthesis.
(ii) glucose is made in those parts of a plant that are green.

Study the figure given below and answer the questions that follow:

(a) Name the cells where it is present abundantly.
(b) Name the process of photosynthesis that occurs in the parts labelled 1 and 2.
(c) Name the products formed at 2, that are used in the process at 1.
(d) Name the first stable product formed in the process at 1.

If you look at plants, there are so many shades of green in their leaves, even on the same plant. When you separate the leaf pigments through paper chromatography, you find that the colour of the leaves is not due to a single pigment, but due to four different pigments.
(a) What is a pigment?
(b) Name the four different pigments found in leaves.
(c) Can you guess, which is the most abundant leaf pigment in the world?

In the following figure, the curve A represents the rate of photosynthesis while the curve B represents the absorption spectrum of chlorophyll-a. Observe the graph and answer the questions that follow:

(a) What is absorption spectrum?
(b) Where in the visible spectrum of light, is there maximum photosynthesis?
(c) How is the rate of photosynthesis measured for plotting action spectrum?

A diagrammatic representation of a Light Harvesting Complex (LHC) is shown in the figure given above. Answer the following questions.
(a) How do the antennae pigments help to make photosynthesis more efficient?
(b) Name the pigment that forms the reaction centre.
(c) Name the reaction centre of photosystem I and photosystem II.

Observe the diagram given above and answer the following questions.
(a) Name the technique shown in the figure.
(b) Name any two plants for which this technique can be emplhyed for their commercial production.
(c) Mention the purpose for which
(i) the feeding funnel and
(ii) the aeration tube are used in this experimental set-up.

The picture given above shows hydroponic plant production, where plants are grown in a tube that is kept on a slight incline.
(a) What is the role of the pump in this experiment?
(b) What do the arrows indicate?
(c) Name the scientist who first showed that plants could be grown to maturity in defined nutrient solution.

Plants absorb a number of elements from the soil; about sixty elements are found in different plants. But, studies with reference to mineral nutrition and metabolism have shown that all the elements absorbed are not essential for the plants. Scientists like Arnon, have listed the essential elements based on certain criteria.
Write the three criteria of essentiality of elements in plant nutrition.

The micronutrients are always required in minute or trace quantities; their moderate decrease in quantity causes deficiency symptoms to appear while their moderate increase in quantity causes toxicity.
(a) What is meant by toxicity of an element?
(b) How does manganese toxicity cause deficiency symptoms of
(i) iron and
(ii) magnesium?

Given below is the flow chart of the nitrogen cycle showing the relationship among the three main nitrogen pools, i.e. atmospheric, biomass and soil. Study the diagram and answer the questions that follow:

(a) Fill in the blanks, A, B, C and D.
(b) Name two bacteria that carry out the step A.
 

Transport in plants over long-distance proceeds through the vascular tissues in a process, called translocation. Transport in xylem (of water and minerals) is unidirectional.
(a) How do substances move over short distances?
(b) Organic and mineral nutrients undergo multidirectional transport. Justify (Give four points).

Observe the figure given above and answer the following questions.
(a) Identify the process I, II and III.
(b) Why does the transport rate reach a maximum in facilitated diffusion?
(c) What term is given to the membrane proteins involved in active transport?

Certain proteins in the membrane are responsible for facilitated diffusion and active transport; hence, they show some common characteristics. They also differ from each other in certain aspects.
(a) Describe two such similar features of the proteins involved in facilitated diffusion and active transport.
(b) Mention one feature other than the requirement of energy, in which the proteins of active transport differ from that of facilitated diffusion.

Study the figure given below, in which two chambers A and B containing solutions of different concentrations are separated by a selectively permeable membrane.

(a) Solution of which chamber has a lower water potential?
(b) Solution of which chamber has a lower solute potential?
(c) In which direction will osmosis occur?
(d) At equilibrium which chamber will have lower water potential?
(e) If one chamber has a \(\Psi\) of - 2000 kPa, and the other - 1000 kPa, which is the chamber that has the higher \(\Psi\)?
(f) What will be the direction of the movement of water when two solutions with \(\Psi_{\mathbf{w}}\) =-0.2 MPa and \(\Psi_{\mathbf{w}}\) = 0.1 MPa are separated by a selectively permeable membrane?

In an experimental set up on osmosis, a 'stronger' solution of glucose is taken in a thistle funnel with its mouth tied with a semipermeable membrane. It is kept in a beaker containing a 'weaker' solution of glucose.
(a) What is meant by 'stronger' and 'weaker' solutions?
(b) Which of them has a higher water potential?
(c) Which of them has a lower solute potential?
(d) If a pressure is applied from the upper part of the funnel, the diffusion of water into it stops.
(i) What is this pressure known as?
(ii) Which of the solutions (mentioned above) will have a higher pressure?

A diagrammatic representation of the cell cycle indicating the formation of two daughter cells from a parent cell is giVen above. Observe the diagram and answer the following questions.
(a) When does replication of DNA take place?
(b) The amount of DNA in G₁ phase is denoted as 2C and the chromosome number as 2n. Show
(i) the amount of DNA and
(ii) the chromosome number in prophase.
(c) Why is mitosis called equational division?

(a) Label the parts A, B, C and D in the diagram given above.
(b) Determine the stage and the event that is represented.

(a) Identify the stage and type of cell division.
(b) Write the two key features of this phase.
(c) Is it a plant cell or animal cell showing the process? Justify your answer.

Mitosis accomplishes not only the segregation of the duplicated chromosomes to daughter nuclei, but the cell itself divides into two daughter cells, by cytokinesis. In animal cells, cytokinesis occurs with the appearance of a furrow in the cell membrane that deepens and joins in the centre to divide the cell, but in plants it is different.
(a) Why cannot the plant cells divide the same way as animalcells?
(b) Name the precursor of cell walls in plant cells. What does it represent in the cell wall?
(c) What will be the consequence, if cytokinesis does not follow karyokinesis? Give an example.

Sexual reproduction involves fusion of two gametes, each with a complete haploid set of chromosomes. In animals, gametes are formed from specialised diploid cells. Meiosis ensures the production of haploid phase in the life cycle of sexually reproducing organisms and fertilisation restores the diploid phase.
(a) Mention the four key features of meiosis.
(b) Why does reduction in the number of chromosomes occur during meiosis?

The steps in the chemical analysis of a living tissue sample are shown below. Fill in the blanks A, B, C, D, E and. F.

All the chemical elements found in a sample of earth's crust are also present in a sample of living tissue. But a critical chemical analysis shows that the relative abundance of carbon and hydrogen with respect to other elements is higher in the living organisms.
(a) Name the most abundant chemical compound in living organisms.
(b) What term is given to the carbon compounds in living cells?
(c) Name any two functional groups of such compounds.
(d) Name any two elements present in the 'ash' of plants.

The molecular structures of three amino acids are given above.
(a) Identify the amino acids A, Band C
(b) Mention their respective variable group (designated as R-group).

Study the changes in the structure of an amino acid shown above and answer the following questions.
(a) Mention the specific property of amino acids shown in the above structures. What is its consequence?
(b) What term is given to the form of amino acid in B?

Study the molecular structure of the biomolecule given and answer the following questions.
(a) Identify the molecule shown.
(b) what do R1, R_2, and R₃ in the molecule represent?
(c) Name the alcohol involved in it. Give its another name.

All organisms are composed of cell(s), i.e. organisms are unicellular or multicellular. The discovery of microscope and its improvement leading to the electron microscope has revealed all the structural details of cells.
(a) Why are cells considered the fundamental structural and functional units of life?
(b) Mention two characteristic features of unicellular organisms.
(c) Name the scientist who
(i) first observed and described living cells.
(ii) showed that cell wall is a unique character of plant cells.

The diagram given above shows the diagrammatic representation of a typical eukaryotic cell.
(a) Identify the following parts
(i) Mitochondria
(ii) Endoplasmic reticulum
(iii) Golgi bodies
(iv) Nucleolus
(b) Name the following:
(i) The longest cells in a human body.
(ii) The organisms with the smallest cells

The prokaryotic cells have certain specialised, differentiated infoldings of the cell membrane. They serve certain specific functions.
(a) What term is given to these infoldings?
(b) Name the three different forms of such infoldings.
(c) Mention two of their functions during cell division.

Detailed electron microscopic and other chemical investigations have shown that the cell membrane is composed of lipids, proteins and some carbohydrates.
(a) What per cent of the membrane of human erythrocytes consists of lipids?
(b) Name the major lipid component of membranes.
(c) How are the lipids arranged in the membranes?
(d) What are the two types of membrane proteins based on the ease with which they are extracted?

The improved model of the structure of cell membrane proposed by Singer and Nicolson (1972), is called fluid mosaic model. The fluid nature of the membrane is important from the point of view of certain functions.
(a) What is meant by fluidity of membrane?
(b) Mention any four functions for which the fluid nature of the membrane is necessary.

In nearly all animal tissues, specialised junctions provide both structural and functional links between the individual cells of the tissue. Three types of cell junctions are found in the epithelium and other tissues.
Name the three types of cell junctions and mention one function of each of them.

Unicellular and multicellular glands are shown in the figure given above. Answer the following questions.
(a) Name the types of epithelial cells that become specialised for secretion.
(b) Give an example each, of unicellular and multicellular glands in our body.
(c) Name the types of glands based on the mode of pouring their secretion

Connective tissues are the most abundant and widely distributed tissues in the body of complex animals. They range from loose connective tissues to specialized types.
(a) Why are connective tissues named so?
(b) Name two types of loose connective tissues.
(c) Why is blood called a fluid connective tissue?

The diagrammatic representation of a type of loose connective tissue is given above. Answer the following questions based on that.
(a) Identify the type of connective tissue.
(b) Identify and name the three types of cells present in it.
(c) Mention two functions of the cells

Three types of muscle tissue are shown in the picture given above.
(a) Identify the type of muscle tissue A, Band C.
(b) Mention one location or site in a human body, where each of them is present.

The meristems which occur at the tips of roots and shoots, are called apical meristems. They produce primary tissues of the plant body. The shoot apical meristem occupies the distal most region of the stem axis.
(a) How is it protected?
(b) How are axillary buds formed?
(c) What is intercalary meristem?

Tissues vary depending on their location in the plant body. Their structure and functions also depend on their location in the plant body. On the basis of their structure and location, there are three types of tissue systems.
Name the three types of tissue systems in a plant body. Give one example for each.

The diagrammatic representation of stomatal apparatus of a dicot plant is shown below. Answer the questions that follow:

(a) Identify the parts labelled A, B, C and D
(b) How does C differ from B?

Xylem is the conducting tissue of water and minerals from the roots to the stem and leaves. Tracheids and vessels are the major conducting elements of xylem, whose diagrams are given below.

(a) Identify the vessel and the tracheid in the figure.
(b) Write two differences between tracheids and vessels.

Identify the three types of vascular bundles, A, B and C shown above. Give one example for each type.

The figure given below represents the different regions of a root tip.

(a) Identify the regions A, B, C and D in the root tip.
(b) Write any two characteristics of the cells present in the region C

Roots in some plants change their shape and structure and become modified to perform functions other than anchorage and absorption and conduction of water and minerals. They are modified for storage, respiration, additional support, etc.
(a) Name two types of roots that provide additional support to plants and give an example for each.
(b) Name the type of root that helps to get atmospheric oxygen for respiration. Give an example.

Stem is the above-ground part of a plant and is characterised by the presence of nodes and internodes and axillary and terminal buds. But, in some plants, the stem is modified to perform certain special functions. How is the stem modified in each of the following and mention their functions?
(a) Citrus
(b) Opuntia
(c) Coloeasia

(a) Identify the two types of venation A and B.
(b) What is meant by venation?
(c) Mention two functions the veins perform.

Two types of compound leaves are shown below.

(a) Identify the types of compound leaves, A and B.
(b) Give an example of each.
(c) How do they differ from each other?

Animals are classified on the basis of their symmetry into three categories.
(i) Asymmetrical,
(ii) Radially symmetrical and
(iii) Bilaterally symmetrical.
They are also classified into diploblastic and triploblastic.
(a) Name one phylum and an animal as example for each of the following, where animals are
(i) diploblastic and radially symmetrical.
(ii) triploblastic and radially symmetrical.
(b) Name two phyla, where animals are exclusively marine.

Animals of the phyla like Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Chordata, etc. have organ system level of organisation. Organ systems in different groups/phyla of animals exhibit various patterns of complexities.
Name and describe the two types of circulatory system among animals and name one phylum as example for each.

The diagram given above shows the arrangement of germinal layers.
(i) Identify the parts labelled A, B, C and D.
(ii) What technical term is given to animals with pattern (a) and (b), respectively?

(a) Identify the structure given above and name the phylum, it is characteristically present in.
(b) Where is it generally present in the body of the animals?
(c) Name the cell it contains.
(d) Mention two of its functions.

Two animals of Phylum Annelida are shown in the picture given below. Observe them and answer the questions that follow:

(a) Identify and write the scientific names of the animals A and B.
(b) Write two major differences between them.

Algae are simple thalloid, chlorophyll-bearing, aquatic (both marine and freshwater) organisms. The form and size of algae is highly variable. They are categorised into three classes.
(a) Name the three classes of algae.
(b) Mention the two major characteristics that form the basis for this classification.
(c) Name one unicellular alga.

Two members of a class of algae are shown above.
(a) Identify the two algae A and B and name the class, which they both belong to.
(b) Name the pigment which gives them the characteristic colour.
(c) Mention the characteristics of their gametes with reference to
(i) shape and
(ii) flagellation.

Bryophytes are the first land plants, which occur in damp, cool and shady places. They are known as amphibians of plant kingdom, as they need water for fertilisation. In general, Bryophytes are of little economic importance; but, they are of great ecological importance.
(a) Write two ecological significance of mosses.
(b) Name the moss used for trans-shipment of living material. Justify your answer.

(a) Identify the plant given above and name the division, it belongs to.
(b) Label the parts A, B, C and D marked on it.

Gymnosperms and Angiosperms are seed-bearing plants. Yet, they are put under two different divisions of the kingdom Plantae.
Write three major differences between the two divisions regarding the reproductive structures and the process of reproduction.

Since the dawn of civilisation, there have been many attempts to classify the living organisms. The classification was done instinctively based on the use of the organisms for human benefits and not on any scientific criteria.
(a) Who was the first to classify organisms on a scientific basis?
(b) How did he classify plants?
(c) How did he classify animals?

Linnaeus classified aU organisms into two kingdoms Plantae and Animalia; this system was used till recently. But now it has been found that the two kingdom system of classification is inadequate.
(a) Give four reasons to justify that the two-kingdom system of classification is inadequate.
(b) Who proposed the five-kingdom classification?

(a) Name the four groups of bacteria (A-D) shown in the figure given above.
(b) Name one disease caused by bacteria (i) in plants and (ii) in human beings, respectively.

Though the bacterial cell structure is very simple, they are very complex in their behaviour. Bacteria as a group show the most extensive metabolic diversity.
(a) Mention the different modes of nutrition shown by bacteria.
(b) How do Archaebacteria differ from other eubacteria?

The diagram of a Nostoc filament is shown above. Answer the following questions.
(a) Identify the cell labelled 'A'. What is its significance?
(b) Name the pigment that gives them the characteristic blue-green colour.
(c) What type of nutrition is exhibited by them?
(d) Why does the ground become slippery during rainy season?

When we try to define 'living', we conventionally look for certain distinctive characteristics exhibited by living organisms. Some of them are 'defining' properties while some others are not 'defining' properties.
(a) Give four 'defining' properties of living organisms.
(b) Why is reproduction not considered an all inclusive defining characteristic of living organisms?

All living phenomena are due to the underlying interactions, which result in emergent properties at higher levels of organisation. It is true in the hierarchy of organisational complexity at all levels.
(a) Give two examples to substantiate the above statement.
(b) Define living organisms based on this property

There are millions of plants and animals in the world and they are known by their local names in their area. The local names do vary from place to place, even within a country. Hence, scientists have established procedures to assign a scientific name to each organism, which is acceptable to biologists all over the world.
(a) Name the system of naming organisms given by Linnaeus.
(b) Mention the two components in each scientific name.
(c) Give the scientific name of:
(i) human beings
(ii) wheat.

Taxonomic studies of various species of plants, animals and other groups of organisms are useful in forestry, agriculture, industry and in general in knowing our bioresources and their diversity. Biologists have established certain procedures and techniques to store and preserve the information as well as the specimens.
(a) Mention two such taxonomic aids each, where
(i) live specimens are available.
(ii) preserved specimens are kept.
(b) What does a couplet in the taxonomic keys represent?

Classification is not a single-step process, but involves a hierarchy of steps, in which each step represents a rank or category. Each category, a unit of classification, represents a taxon. Taxonomical studies of all the known organisms have led to the development of certain common categories.
(a) Name and arrange the common categories in proper sequence in a hierarchy, from the lowest to the highest category
(b) Name the following:
(i) The family that includes lion, tiger and leopard, all belonging to the genus Panthera.
(ii) The order that includes the plant families Convolvulaceae and Solanaceae.

Name the macronutrient which is component of all organic compounds, but is not obtained from soil.

Name the plant that accumulates silicon.

Yellowish edges appear in leaves deficient in.

Name an insectivorous angiosperm

Organisms like Pseudomonas and Thiobacillus are of great significance in nitrogen cycle. How?

A farmer adds Azotobacter culture to soil before sowing maize. Which mineral element is being replenished?

Name the macronutrient which is component of all organic compounds, but is not obtained from soil.

Name the plant that accumulates silicon.

Yellowish edges appear in leaves deficient in.

Name an insectivorous angiosperm

What is the full form of ICBN?

Which of the following organisms is a good indicator of pollution in an environment?

Which of the following shows no segregation of plant parts?

Which of the following is an incorrect statement?

What happens when stomata opens?

Which of the following scientists started the practice of using biological names?

Which is the most acceptable system of biological classification?

Diploid sporophyte is dominant phase in the life cycle of which plant?

How many chambers are there in the heart of reptiles?

Which of the following characteristic of living beings, can also be observed in some non-livings?

Which of the following division contains the largest number of plant species?

In which of the following organisms sexes are not separate?

Which of the following tissues is responsible for secondary growth?

What is the full form of ICBN?

Which is the correct word for relationship between algae and fungi in lichens?

Which of the following division contains the largest number of plant species?

In which of the following organisms sexes are not separate?

Which of the following contains bigger sieve tubes?

Which of the following scientists started the practice of using biological names?

Which of the following is used in making litmus solution?

Which of the following is an incorrect statement?

Apical meristem is found at which of the following organs in plant?

What is the full form of ICBN?

Which is the topmost taxa in zoology?

Which  the topmost taxa in Botany?

Which of the following can also be made in your home?

Which of the following characteristic of living beings, can also be observed in some non-livings?

Which of the following scientists started the practice of using biological names?

What is the full form of ICBN?

Which is the topmost taxa in zoology?

Which  the topmost taxa in Botany?

Why are biological names written in Italics?

Some of the properties of tissues are not the properties of constituents of its cells. Give three examples to support the statement.

Algae are known to reproduce asexually by a variety of spores under different environmental condition. Name these spores and the conditions under which they are produced.

Write an account of general features of roundworms.

Describe the various types of placentations found in flowering plants.

The diagram shows some of the structures present in an animal cell.

Which of these structures is responsible for
(i) Manufacture of lipids and steroids 
(ii) Release of energy
(iii) Manufacture of hormones and digestive enzymes
(iv) Production of spindle fibres in cell division 
(v) Endo and exocytosis?

Ria went to see the zoo in her town with her parents and saw many wild animals, their food habits, behavior, etc. She saw that there was a wide variety of animal life in the zoo. But she was amazed to see that the board placed in front of lion cage and monkey place which tells that both were mammals. However, she thought that they were totally different in appearance.
(i) Why lions and monkeys are considered to be mammals?
(ii) Explain the scientific reason to maintain a zoological park.
(iii) Is there any similar place to see a variety of plants? If any, then name some.
(iv) What values are shown by Ria?

What is the need of a classification system in biology? How did different classification systems develop over a period of time?

Cork cambium forms tissues that form the cork. Do you agree with this statement? Explain.

Describe the various types of placentations found in flowering plants.

How does the absorption and loss of potassium ions in the guard cells bring about the opening and closing of stomata?

Write any three advantages of scientific names.

Why is death considered as regulatory process on the earth?

Define the term mycorrhiza. How are these associations affect a plant? Explain with examples

Write an account on modes of respiration in animals with examples.

Name the main excretory organs of cockroach. Write the structure of these organs.

List out the features which distinguish living things from non-living things.

Non-living things also grow. Explain the statement with example.

In which virus two single strands RNA are present? What is the role of reverse transcriptase?

Which of the organisms are called jewels of the plant world ? Elaborate about them.

How would you distinguish monocots from dicots?

Name the two hormone of hypothalamus that influences’ the middle lobe of pituitary. Mention their functions.

List the hormones secreted by the following:
(a) Hypothalamus
(b) Pituitary
(c) Thyroid
(d) Parathyroid
(e) Adrenal
(f) Pancreas
(g) Testis
(h) Ovary
(i) Thymus
(j) Atrium
(k) Kidney
(l) G-I Tract

Calcium plays a very important role in the formation of bones. Write about the role of endocrine glands and hormones responsible for maintaining calcium homoeostasis.

Write short notes on the functions of the following hormones:
(a) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
(b) Thyroid hormones
(c) Thymosins
(d) Androgens
(e) Estrogens
(f) Insulin and Glucagon

Give a detail explanation of pituitary gland

Briefly describe the structure of the following:
(a) Brain (b) Eye (c) Ear

Compare the following:
(a) Central neural system (CNS) and Peripheral neural system (PNS)
(b) Resting potential and action potential

Explain the following processes:
(a) Polarisation of the membrane of a nerve fibre
(b) Depolarisation of the membrane of a nerve fibre
(c) Transmission of a nerve impulse across a chemical synapse

Draw labelled diagrams of the following:
(a) Neuron
(b) Brain

Write short notes on the following:
(a) Neural coordination
(b) Forebrain
(c) Midbrain
(d) Hindbrain
(e) Synapse

Describe the important steps in muscle contraction.

Explain the structure of the vertebral column of human.

Write the difference between:
(a) Actin and Myosin
(b) Red and White muscles
(c) Pectoral and Pelvic girdle

Describe different types of joints in the human skeleton.

Differentiate between pectoral and pelvic girdle

What is the function of collecting duct in kidneys?

Terrestrial animals are generally either ureotelic or uricotelic, not ammonotelic, why ?

The glomerular filtrate in the loop of Henle gets concentrated in the descending and then gets diluted in the ascending limbs.Explain

(i) Study the given structure carefully and label the parts given as A, B, C, D and E.
(ii) Give one major function of each of these.

With the help of suitable diagram describe the structure of human excretory system.

Write the differences between :
(a) Blood and Lymph
(b) Open and Closed system of circulation
(c) Systole and Diastole
(d) P-wave and T-wave

Describe the evolutionary change in the pattern of heart among the vertebrates.

Draw a standard ECG and explain the different segments in it.

Explain different types of blood groups and donor compatibility making a table.

Explain the role of haemoglobin in transport of oxygen.

Explain the neural control of respiration.

What is Tidal volume? Find out the Tidal volume (approximate value) for a healthy human in an hour.

What are the major transport mechanisms for CO₂ ? Explain.

Define oxygen dissociation curve. Can you suggest any reason for its sigmoidal pattern?

Name of the largest gland present in human body. Describe its role in digestion of food.

How does butter in your food get digested and absorbed in the body? Explain

Discuss the main steps in the digestion of proteins as the food passes through different parts of the alimentary canal.

How are the activities of gastrointestinal tract regulated?

What are the functions of liver?

What are plant growth regulators? Name any four different chemical nature of them with one example of each.

Mention the factors which prove that phytohormones act synergistically or antagonistically.

Define differentiation? Also, give details about how can you distinguish between dedifferentiation and redifferentiation?

Describe briefly:
(a) Arithmetic growth
(b) Geometric growth
(c) Sigmoid growth curve
(d) Absolute and relative growth rates

Describe briefly Geometric growth

The maximum concentration of alcohol produced by natural fermentation is 13%. But most of the alcoholic preparations for human consumption contain more than this percentage. How this higher percentage is achieved?

Give a diagrammatic representation of ATP synthesis.

Give a diagrammatic representation of fermentation.

What is the significance of stepwise release of energy in respiration.

Differentiate between Aerobic respiration and Fermentation.

Is it correct to say that photosynthesis occurs only in leaves of a plant? Besides leaves, what are the other parts be capable of carrying out photosynthesis?Justify.

Give comparison between the cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation.

Why is RuBisCO enzyme the most abundant enzyme in the world?

Six turns of Calvin cycle are required to generate one mole of glucose. Explain.

What are special anatomical features displayed by leaves of C₄ -plants? How do they provide an advantage over the structure of C₃ -plants?

A person suffering from fever is advised to take blood test. What may happen to his WEC count and why?

What is meant by double circulation? What is its significance?

Draw a standard ECG and explain the different segments in it.

Explain different types of blood groups and donor compatibility making a table.

What is the function of Henle's loop?

Draw a well labelled diagram of glomerulus.

What is the function of collecting duct in kidneys?

Terrestrial animals are generally either ureotelic or uricotelic, not ammonotelic, why ?

The glomerular filtrate in the loop of Henle gets concentrated in the descending and then gets diluted in the ascending limbs.Explain

Explain the structure of the vertebral column of human.

Describe the structure of the rib cage of human.

Give a description of the appendicular skeleton in human.

What is osteoporosis? Why are women at a greater risk of suffering from osteoporosis? Suggest some precautionary means to avoid osteoporosis.

Write the difference between:
(a) Actin and Myosin
(b) Red and White muscles
(c) Pectoral and Pelvic girdle

Briefly describe the structure of the following:
(a) Brain (b) Eye (c) Ear

Compare the following:
(a) Central neural system (CNS) and Peripheral neural system (PNS)
(b) Resting potential and action potential

Explain the following processes:
(a) Polarisation of the membrane of a nerve fibre
(b) Depolarisation of the membrane of a nerve fibre
(c) Transmission of a nerve impulse across a chemical synapse

Draw labelled diagrams of the following:
(a) Neuron
(b) Brain

Write short notes on the following:
(a) Neural coordination
(b) Forebrain
(c) Midbrain
(d) Hindbrain
(e) Synapse

Justify the name endocrine gland.

How does parathyroid hormone influences calcium uptake in the body?

How do fight or flight hormones prepare our body to fight emergency?

What are secondary sexual characters?

Name the two hormone of hypothalamus that influences’ the middle lobe of pituitary. Mention their functions.

Explain the role of haemoglobin in transport of oxygen.

Give a chart of partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide at different places in the respiratory system:

What is Tidal volume? Find out the Tidal volume (approximate value) for a healthy human in an hour.

What are the major transport mechanisms for CO₂ ? Explain.

Define oxygen dissociation curve. Can you suggest any reason for its sigmoidal pattern?

Name of the largest gland present in human body. Describe its role in digestion of food.

How does butter in your food get digested and absorbed in the body? Explain

Discuss the main steps in the digestion of proteins as the food passes through different parts of the alimentary canal.

How are the activities of gastrointestinal tract regulated?

What are the functions of liver?

What are plant growth regulators? Name any four different chemical nature of them with one example of each.

While experimentation, why do you think it is difficult to assign any effect seen to any single hormone?

Mention the factors which prove that phytohormones act synergistically or antagonistically.

Mention the phenomenon of growth in plants. Explain the phases of growth in detail.

Define differentiation? Also, give details about how can you distinguish between dedifferentiation and redifferentiation?

Give a diagrammatic representation of ATP synthesis.

Give a tabular representation of respiratory balance sheet.

Give a diagrammatic representation of fermentation.

What is the significance of stepwise release of energy in respiration.

Differentiate between Aerobic respiration and Fermentation.

Is it correct to say that photosynthesis occurs only in leaves of a plant? Besides leaves, what are the other parts be capable of carrying out photosynthesis?Justify.

Give comparison between the cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation.

What are special anatomical features displayed by leaves of C₄ -plants? How do they provide an advantage over the structure of C₃ -plants?

RuBisCO is an enzyme that acts both as a carboxylase and oxygenase. Why do you think RuBisCO carries out more carboxylation in C₄ plants?

Under what condition are C₄-plants superior to C₃?

What are various symptoms of deficiency in plants?

Explain with examples macronutrients,micronutrients,beneficial nutrients,toxic elements and essential elements.

Hydroponics have been shown to be a successful technique for growing of plants, yet most of the crops are still grown on land. Why?

Name at least five different deficiency symptoms in plants. Describe them and correlate them with the concerned mineral deficiency.

How are the minerals absorbed by the plants?

Define transpiration pull diagrammatically explain the route of transpiration pull and ascent of sap in plants.

(i) With the help of well-labeled diagrams, describe the process of plasmolysis in plants, giving appropriate examples.
(ii) Explain what will happen to a plant cell if it is kept in a solution having higher water potential.

Observe the given figure and answer the following questions.

(i) State the nature of the solution marked (1).
(ii) What process has been depicted in figures C to D?
(iii) What will be present in the space marked as (2)?
(iv) In which figures turgor pressure will be zero?
(v) In which figures wall pressure will be positive?

A portion of transverse section of root is shown in the diagram. Label 1-5 and also write the function of parts 2 and 3. Briefly, explain the symplast pathway.

Figure given below shows a plant at (a) 8 am and (b) shows the same plant at 6 pm on the same day.

(i) Name the condition shown by the plant in (b).
(ii) (a) State two environmental condition that may have led to the change in appearance of the plant.
(b) Explain how environmental conditions have brought about this change.

What are various symptoms of deficiency in plants?

Explain with examples macronutrients,micronutrients,beneficial nutrients,toxic elements and essential elements.

Hydroponics have been shown to be a successful technique for growing of plants, yet most of the crops are still grown on land. Why?

Name at least five different deficiency symptoms in plants. Describe them and correlate them with the concerned mineral deficiency.

How are the minerals absorbed by the plants?

Define transpiration pull diagrammatically explain the route of transpiration pull and ascent of sap in plants.

(i) With the help of well-labeled diagrams, describe the process of plasmolysis in plants, giving appropriate examples.
(ii) Explain what will happen to a plant cell if it is kept in a solution having higher water potential.

A portion of transverse section of root is shown in the diagram. Label 1-5 and also write the function of parts 2 and 3. Briefly, explain the symplast pathway.

Differentiate between the following - Apoplast and Symplast pathways of movement of water in plants

Differentiate between the following -Guttation and Transpiration

Which cell in humans does not have capacity to repair through cell division?

Briefly describe the significance of cell division.

Describe briefly the phases of meiotic cell division.

Explain meiosis-II in an animal cell.

Explain why a pair of homologous chromosomes is genetically different, but a pair of sister chromatids is genetically identical before crossing over in meiosis.

Discuss the types of enzyme cofactors that are required for the efficient activity for enzymes.

What is the concept of metabolism? What are the metabolic basis for living?

(i) Identify the structure shown in figure.
(ii) Write the measurement (distance) of the parts marked (A), (B), (C).

(iii) How many H-bonds are there at the place marked as(6)?
(iv) Which form of DNA is shown in the figure?
(v) Whether B type DNA has left-handed spiral structure or right-handed?

Illustratea glycosidic, peptide and a phosphodiester bond.

Find and write down structures of 10 interesting small molecular weight biomolecules. Find if there is any industry which manufactures the compounds by isolation. Find out who are the buyers.

Differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

What is endome.mbrane system in a cell?

What is the benefit of cell walls, in plant cells?

The diagram shows some of the structures present in an animal cell.

Which of these structures is responsible for
(i) Manufacture of lipids and steroids 
(ii) Release of energy
(iii) Manufacture of hormones and digestive enzymes
(iv) Production of spindle fibres in cell division 
(v) Endo and exocytosis?

Describe the structure of the following with the help of labelled diagrams.
(i) Nucleus
(ii) Centrosome

Stratified epithelial cells have limited role in secreation . Justify their role in our skin 

Why are neurons called excitable cells ? Mention thge special features of the membrane of the neuron?

Differences Between Blatta orientalis (oriental cockroach) and peripalnata americana (Aamerican cockroach).  

Distinguish between a male cockroach and female cockroach.

Distinguish between a male frog and female frog.

What is the difference between lenticels and stomata

Deciduous  plants shed their leaves during hot summer or autumn. This process of shedding of keaves is called abscission .Apart from physiological changes, what anatomical mechanism is involved in the abscission of leaves?

What is the commercial source of cork?How is it formed?

Explain the process of secondary growth in the stems of woody angiosperms. What is its significance?

Define the following terms:
(a) Aestivation
(b) Placentation
(c) Actinomorphic
(d) Zygomorphic
(e) Superior ovary
(f) Perigynous flower
(g) Epipetalous stamen

Compare the androecium of family-Fabaceae, Solanaceae, and Liliaceae.

Write the medicinal value of family -Fabaceae, Solanaceae, and Liliaceae

Describe the modification of stem with suitable examples. "Thorns"

Describe the modification of stem with suitable examples. "Fleshy stems"

How do various leaf modifications help plants?

What are basis of classification of Animal Kingdom? Give detail on levels of organisation.

What are the symmetries based on which animals can be classified? Describe with appropriate diagram.

Write short notes on following:
(a) Diploblastic and Triploblastic Organization
(b) Different types of coelom
(c) Segmentation
(d) Notochord

Give a diagrammatic representation of the Animal Kingdom based on broad features.

What are the key features of phylum Porifera? Write in detail.

Give a description of metaphase I of meiosis

What is the process of cell division in prokaryotes?

Briefly describe the significance of cell division.

Describe briefly the phases of meiotic cell division.

Explain meiosis-II in an animal cell.

What are the functions of polysaccharides?

What is the concept of metabolism? What are the metabolic basis for living?

Illustratea glycosidic, peptide and a phosphodiester bond.

Find and write down structures of 10 interesting small molecular weight biomolecules. Find if there is any industry which manufactures the compounds by isolation. Find out who are the buyers.

Give a detail explanation of structure of protein.

The diagram shows some of the structures present in an animal cell.

Which of these structures is responsible for
(i) Manufacture of lipids and steroids 
(ii) Release of energy
(iii) Manufacture of hormones and digestive enzymes
(iv) Production of spindle fibres in cell division 
(v) Endo and exocytosis?

Describe the structure of the following with the help of labelled diagrams.
(i) Nucleus
(ii) Centrosome

Name two cell-organelles that are double membrane bound. What are the characteristics of these two organelles? State their functions and draw labelled diagrams of both.

What is a centromere? How does the position of centromere form the basis of classification of chromosomes. Support your answer with a diagram showing the position of centromere on different types of chromosomes.

With suitable diagram describe animal cell.

Stratified epithelial cells have limited role in secreation . Justify their role in our skin 

Differences Between Blatta orientalis (oriental cockroach) and peripalnata americana (Aamerican cockroach).  

Distinguish between a male cockroach and female cockroach.

Describe various types of epithelial tissues with the help of labelled diagrams.

With the help of appropriate diagrams explain various kinds of muscular tissues with their junctions.

What is meant by living ? Give any four defining features of life forms.

Some of the properties of tissues are not the properties of constituents of its cells. Give three examples to support the statement.

Brassica campestris Linn
(i) Give the common name of the plant.
(ii) What do the first two parts of the name denote?
(iii) Why are they written in italics?
(iv) What is the meaning of Linn written at the end of the name?

Try to collect all the currently accepted meanings for the word ‘species’. Discuss with your teacher the meaning of species in case of higher plants and animals on one hand, and bacteria on the other hand.

A scientist came across a plant, which he feels is a new species. How will he proceed towards its identification, classification and nomenclature?

Biological classification is a dynamic and ever-evolving phenomenon which keeps changing with our understanding of life forms. Justify the statements by taking any two examples.

What is three domain system? Who introduced it? Name these domains and their salient features.

Describe the cell structure of fungus in details

Write difference between ascocarp and basidiocarp

Give a brief account of viruses with respect to their structure and nature of genetic materials. Also, name four common viral diseases.

Algae are known to reproduce asexually by a variety of spores under different environmental condition. Name these spores and the conditions under which they are produced.

Mention the ploidy of the following: protonemal cell of a moss; primary endosperm nucleus in dicot, leaf cell of a moss; prothallus cell of a ferm; gemma cell in Marchantia; meristem cell of monocot, ovum of a liverwort, and zygote of a fern.

What role does vascular plants play in keeping the earth green? Which features help them to dominate the earth?

How is natural system different from artificial system of classification? List some features.

What is heterospory? Briefly comment on its significance. Give two examples.

Name the end products of aerobic and anaerobic fate of glycolysis.List two ways by which molecules of ATP are produced in glycolysis during aerobic respiration in a cell.

It is known that red muscle fibres in animals can work for longer periods of time continuously. How is this possible?

Name the site(s) of pyruvate synthesis.Also, write the chemical reaction, wherein pyruvic acid dehydrogenase acts as a catalyst.

What is Pentose Phosphate Pathway(PPP)? Where does it take place?

The energy yield in terms of ATP is higher in aerobic respiration than during anaerobic respiration. Why is there anaerobic respiration even in organisms that live in aerobic condition like human beings and angiosperms?

How are gibberellins useful in agriculture to improve productivity. Give any three points in support of your answer.

The role of ethylene and abscisic acid is both positive and negative. Justify the statement.

Both animals and plants grow. Why do we say that growth and differentiation in plants is open and not so in animals? Does this statement hold true for sponges also?

Nicotiana tobacum,(tobacco) a short-day plant, when exposed to more than the critical period of light fails to flower. Explain.

If the critical photoperiod for a short-day plant is 13hrs of daylight, will it flower when there are 15 hrs of daylight?

How is fat absorbed in the blood?

What would happen if HCl will not be secreted in the stomach?

Distinguish between constipation and indigestion.Mention their major causes.

Explain the action of different enzymes in succus entericus.

Give the name along with the function of each of the three major kinds of cells of the gastric glands.

State the route of foul air from the lungs to outside. Also state whether TV increases or decreases during excitement and activity.

How is respiration regulated?

Explain chemical control of respiratory rhythm

Why is it not advisable to sleep in closed rooms warmed with burning of coals continuously?

Which of the regulatory centre of respiration can reduce the inspiratory duration when it is stimulated?

Show the structure of a renal corpuscle with the help of a diagram

What is ureotelism? Describe the process of formation of urea.

Where does the urine formation take place? Name the processes involved in the formation of urine.

Where do ultrafiltration, reabsorption, and secretion occur in a nephron?

How is glomerular filtrate hypertonic and hypotonic in descending and ascending limb of loop of Henle,respectively.What is the effect of ADH on collecting tubules.

Differentiate between Dendrites and axons

Explain the role of Na⁺ in the generation of action potential.

Differentiate between Cerebrum and cerebellum.

Differentiate between Thalamus and hypothalamus

Answer briefly
(i) How do you perceive the colour of an object?
(ii) Which part of our body helps us in maintaining the body balance?
(iii) How does the eye regulate the amount of light that falls on the retina?

How do you distinguish between a skeletal muscle and a cardiac muscle.

In old age, people often suffer from stiff and inflammed joints. What is this condition called? What are the possible reasons for these symptoms?

Write a few lines about gout

Describe the important steps in muscle contraction.

Why are muscles rigidly locked in whatever position they are after death? What is the phenomenon known as?

What is the significance of hepatic portal system in the circulatory system?

Why renal portal system is absent in mammals?

An Rh^- woman is carrying an Rh⁺ foetus for the second time. Describe the consequences of Rh^- incompatibility in this case?

Explain the chemical events that takes place to form a blood clot to seal the wound.

Answer the following
(i) Name the major site where RBCs are formed.
(ii) Which part of heart is responsible for initiating and maintaining its rhythmic activity?
(iii) What is specific in the heart of crocodiles among reptilians?

Explain how during light reaction of photosynthesis, ATP synthesis as a chemiosmotic phenomenon takes place?

Even though a very few cells in a C₄ plant carry out the biosynthetic – Calvin pathway, yet they are highly productive. Can you discuss why?

What can we conclude from the statement that the action and absorption spectra of photosynthesis overlap? At which wavelength, do they show peaks?

Photosynthetic organisms occur at different depths in the ocean. Do they receive the light?How do they adapt to carry out photosynthesis under these conditions?

What conditions enable RuBisCO to function as an Oxygenase? Explain the ensuring process.

Mention the difference between passive and active salt absorption.

Write two names for each of the following
(i) Free-living, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria.
(ii) Free-living, aerobic, nitrogen-fixing bacteria
(iii) Symbiotic, nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

A section of root nodule of chick-pea plant appears pink
(i) Name the pigment, responsible for pink colour.
(ii) What is the role of this pigment in the nodule formation?
(iii) Explain the process of biological nitrogen-fixation in the root nodules in short.

Describes nitrification along with the equations and the organisms involved in each step.

Name the most crucial enzyme found in root nodules for N₂-fixation. Does it require a special pink coloured pigment for its functioning? Elaborate.

What happens when a pressure greater than the atmospheric pressure is applied to pure water or a solution?

Describe at least three major functions of turgor pressure.

Under what condition the rate of transpiration will be maximum, when soil is dry and atmosphere is humid or when soil is humid and atmosphere is dry? given reason.

Identify the process occurring in I, II and III.

Mention the major classes of hormones released in humans. Give the examples of each.

What is meant by 'antagonistic effect? Illustrate your answer with an example

How do you justify the statement that hormones of adrenal medulla are emergency hormones?

Fill up the blank spaces (i) - (vi) in the table given below

How does progesterone function in a human female?

What is the difference between lenticels and stomata

What is the commercial source of cork?How is it formed?

Define the following terms:
(a) Aestivation
(b) Placentation
(c) Actinomorphic
(d) Zygomorphic
(e) Superior ovary
(f) Perigynous flower
(g) Epipetalous stamen

Describe modifications of stem with suitable examples.

What is a flower? Describe the parts of a typical angiosperm flower.

Write the description of gynoecium in various plants.

Describe the modification of stem with suitable examples.
(a) Tendrils
(b) Thorns
(c) Fleshy stems

Describe the modification of stem with suitable examples. "Fleshy stems"

Stolon,offset and rhizome are different forms of stem modification. How can these modifiedforms of stem be distinguished from each other?

Explain with suitable examples the different types of phyllotaxy.

Write the characteristics of heartwood and sapwood.

What are the charecteristic difference found in vascular tissu of gymnosperms and angiosperms?

While eating peach or pear, it is usually seen that some stone-like structures get entangled in the teeth. What are these stone-like structures called?

Explain the formation of vascular cambium.

Distinguish between sapwood and heartwood .

Why is the body cavity of cockroach called haemocoel? Name the different layer of body wall in it.

Name the main excretory organs of cockroach. Write the structure of these organs.

Mention the similarities between Cardiac and skeletal muscles.

Mention the special features of eye in cockroach.

Difference between keratinised and non keretinised  stratified squamous epitheila

What are plasmids? Describe their role in bacteria.

Give the biochemical composition of the plasma membrane.How are lipid molecules arranged in the membrane?

The lysosomal enzyme does not destroy the cell's own cytoplasm.why?

State the chief functions of mitochondria.

In what respect the mitochondria and plastids resemble the bacteria.

Succinic dehydrogenase is an enzyme that causes the substrate, succinate, to break down into fumarate
Malonate is a substance that resembles succinate and inhibits the activity of succinic dehydrogenase
Explain how this type of inhibition affects the activity of the enzyme

Find out how much cellulose is made by all the plants in the biosphere and compare it with how much of paper is manufactured by man and hence what is the consumption of plant material by man annually. What a loss of vegetation!

Explain the composition of triglyceride.

Is rubber a primary metabolite or a secondary metabolite? Write four sentence about rubber?

Differentiate between anabolism and catabolism, along with an example for each.

Distinguish anaphase of mitosis from anaphase I of meiosis.

Name three phases of interphase. Give one major event of each phase.

Both unicellular and multicellular organisms undergo mitosis. What are the differences if any observed in the process between the two?

(i) Name the stages and type of cell division represented in A and B, repectively.

(ii) Also explain any one of them.

Find examples where the four daughter cells from meiosis are equal in size and where they are found unequal in size.

Which features make mammals as most successful and dominant animals?

List out various excretory organs in different animals

Describe briefly the body wall of sponges.

Differentiate between polyp and medusa

List any six features of cartilaginous fishes.Give four examples of these.

Mention the ploidy of the following: protonemal cell of a moss; primary endosperm nucleus in dicot, leaf cell of a moss; prothallus cell of a ferm; gemma cell in Marchantia; meristem cell of monocot, ovum of a liverwort, and zygote of a fern.

How is natural system different from artificial system of classification? List some features.

Describe the important characteristics of gymnosperms.

What is heterospory? Briefly comment on its significance. Give two examples.

Name three groups of plants that bear archegonia. Briefly describe the life cycle of any one of them.

What is the role of methanogens?

What is the need of a classification system in biology? How did different classification systems develop over a period of time?

Biological classification is a dynamic and ever-evolving phenomenon which keeps changing with our understanding of life forms. Justify the statements by taking any two examples.

Write difference between ascocarp and basidiocarp

List any six diseases caused by these classes of fungi

Write a brief note on three domains of life.

Ria went to see the zoo in her town with her parents and saw many wild animals, their food habits, behavior, etc. She saw that there was a wide variety of animal life in the zoo. But she was amazed to see that the board placed in front of lion cage and monkey place which tells that both were mammals. However, she thought that they were totally different in appearance.
(i) Why lions and monkeys are considered to be mammals?
(ii) Explain the scientific reason to maintain a zoological park.
(iii) Is there any similar place to see a variety of plants? If any, then name some.
(iv) What values are shown by Ria?

What is meant by living ? Give any four defining features of life forms.

Brassica campestris Linn
(i) Give the common name of the plant.
(ii) What do the first two parts of the name denote?
(iii) Why are they written in italics?
(iv) What is the meaning of Linn written at the end of the name?

A scientist came across a plant, which he feels is a new species. How will he proceed towards its identification, classification and nomenclature?

A typical angiospermic flower consists of four floral parts. Give the names of the floral parts and their arrangement sequentially.

Which structures form gynoecium? How is placenta related to gynoecium? What are its types?

Differentiate between bract and bractole.

Name the type of placentation shown in the given figures and give one example of each.

What is the function of companion cells in phloem?

Organ system in different groups of animals exhibits various patterns of complexities. Explain

How useful is the study of the nature of body cavity and coelom in the classification of animals?

What are the difficulties that you would face in classification of animals, if common fundamental features are not taken into account?

Differentiate between notochord and nerve cord

List out any six general features of cartilaginous fishes

What characters are used in natural system of classification? Explain with examples.

Describe the type of photosynthetic pigment in red algae,green algae and brown algae.

Write a brief account of mosses.

What is the habitat of ferns. Describe their plant body. Explain the nature of spores ferns have. List out some common ferns.

What is the advantage of the development of seed habits in seed plants?

Why slime moulds are called fungus animals? Name some slime moulds

What obsevable features in Trypanosoma would make you classify it under kingdom-Protista?

Give the name of the hosts of malarial parasite Plasmodium.

When did cyanobacteria evolved? Why are they referred  as the earliest colonisers of barren areas?

Justify the statement Euglena is a  taxonomic puzzle.