The Third Battle of Panipat was fought in the year

Tipu Sultan stopped trade through his kingdom in

After Alivardi Khan________ became the Nawab of Bengal.

Two sons of Tipu Sultan were taken as hostages by Cornwallis after the

Where and when was the first English factory established?

A History of British India was written by

The British thought surveys were important for

An advertisement for Lipton tea suggested that royalty all over the world was associated with this tea. When did the advertisement appear?

Colonisation means:

Census means:

A History of British India was written by

Usually, census operations in India are held

When New Delhi was built, the National Museum and the National Archives were both located close to the

Who was asked by Robert Clive to produce maps of Hindustan?

Historians at present do not write about:

What is the state of child labour in India as per census of 2001?

Compare and contrast UC's safety systems in Bhopal with that of its other plant in the USA.

Why do foreign companies come to India?

What do you know about the public water supply in Porto Alegre?

Should private companies be allowed to take over the task of water supply? 

What is the situation of water supply in different localities of Chennai? Is water available to all? 

Where does the government get money for public facilities?

Do you think water is available in Chennai and affordable by all? Discuss.

How do fundamental rights ensure the cultural and religious freedom of minorities?

Who was Kabir and what were his views on the prevalent caste system?

What are the clauses of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989?

What does the government do to promote social justice in order to implement the Constitution?

Who are OBCs? What provisions and implementations are made for safeguarding the interests of the OBCs?

Write a short note on Adivasis.

What do you understand by ghettoisation?

Who are Scheduled Castes? Discuss constitutional provisions for safeguarding the interests of SCs and STs.

Why are tribal communities poor?

Describe the socio-religious features of the Adivasi communities.

Look at the Map along with a present-day political map, of India. In each of these maps try and identify the different parts of India that were under the British rule.

Look at the Map along with a present-day political map, of India. In each of these maps try and identify the different parts of India that were under the British rule.

Indentify the Canadian Shield, the Appalachians, Western Cordilleras, Lake Superior

With the help of an atlas, on an outline map of India, mark the distribution of the following minerals: Iron, bauxite, manganese and mica.

Mill justified the British rule in India. Is it clear by his periodisation of history? Justify.

Look carefully and write a paragraph explaining how this image projects an imperial perception.

 What event is shown in the picture?

What title was he given?

Which method of periodization was followed by most of the English historians for writing Indian history? Why was this method not suitable in context to India?

Why did the British preserve official documents?

How will the information historians get from old newspapers be different from that found in police reports?

After the British conquest of Bengal, Calcutta grew from a small village to a big city. Find out about the culture, architecture and the life of Europeans and Indians of the city during the colonial period.

The Nawab complains. In 1733 the Nawab of Bengal said this about the English traders: When they first came into the country they petitioned the then government in a humble manner for liberty to purchase a spot of ground to build a factory house upon, which was no sooner granted  but they built a strong fort, surrounded it with a ditch which has communication with the river and mounted a great number of guns upon the walls. They have enticed several merchants and others to go and take protection under them and they collect a revenue which amounts to t 100,000. They rob and plunder and carry great number of the king's subjects of both sexes into slavery into their own country.
What was the initial intention of the English traders?

Find out more about the Champaran movement and Mahatma Gandhi's role in it.

What is Renaissance?

Mention the initial leaders of Indian National Congress?

Discuss one feature of the constitution

In the context of the Shanti's case, did she get a fair trail?

'According to Article 22 of the Constitution, every person has a Fundamental Right to be defended by a lawyer: What have you learnt from the above?

What is F. L. R. ? Discuss its features regarding law.

Describe the role of the police in investigating a Crime.

What guidelines have been laid by Supreme Court for police during investigation?

Discuss the role of PIL in Indian Judiciary. What values have you learnt from the workings of PIL in Indian judicial system?

What was the 'State (Delhi Administration) vs Laxman Kumar and Others (1985)' case about? Describe it in your own words.

The structure of the courts from the lower to the highest level is such that it resembles a pyramid, Having read the description above, can you fill out which type of courts would exist at which level in the following diagram?

What are the powers and functions of High court ?

How is independence of judiciary implemented?

Write a note on the Rowlatt Act.

How are laws for the country made?

From the below storyboard, can you list two different ways in which people lobbied Parliament

In the following poster, what do you understand by the phrase 'Equal Relationships are Violence Free'? 

List the three forms of protest that you seen in the given photos.

How is government formed in a democracy?

With reference to British rule in India, explain why it is important that people should decide.

Observe the image of the Parliament given below.

What do you think the artist is trying to convey through this image?

Which state has the least number of MPs in the Lok Sabha?

Which political party has won the most seats in all states?

How can you differentiate Indian Secularism from the rest of the world?

Why is it necessary to separate religion from the State?

Discuss the nature of Indian Secularism.

What is the nature of the State in Israel and Saudi Arabia? How is it different from India?

In the given storyboard, discuss the answer given by the teacher.

What are the functions of a Constitution?

Why do we need a Constitution?

What are the Fundamental Rights given by the Constitution of India? Explain briefly.

Discuss about the history of Nepal.

In what way is the class monitor misusing his power?

What are the bad effects of population explosion on society? How does population pyramid help in understanding the population of the country?

Describe the distribution of population in the world.

Look at the given figure and find out of these countries how many are in Asia? Locate them on a world map

Which are the geographical factors affecting the distribution of population?

Briefly explain the age, structure and composition of the population of India.

"The iron and steel industry is the basic as well as heavy industry." Support the statement with suitable examples.

What are the factors that helped Ahmedabad to become a textile centre?

Write a short note on the Chernobyl disaster

Bengaluru has some important public sector industries and research institutions. Find out the full forms of the organizations listed below:

How to identify a location for establishing an industry :

Mention any four features of primitive subsistence farming.

Name the fibre crops and name the climatic conditions required for their growth.

Explain briefly the lifestyle of farmers of India.

Explain briefly the lifestyle of farmers in the U.S.A.

Which are the major food crops of the world? Explain in brief the climatic conditions required to grow them?

What are the different techniques used for mineral extraction?

What are the different types of minerals? Explain them briefly.

Distinguish between Anthracite and Bituminous Coal.

Classify the power resources briefly.

Write down the advantages and disadvantages of coal.

What is rainwater harvesting? Give some advantages of rainwater harvesting.

Define the following:
(i) Common property resource
(ii) Biosphere
(iii) Ecosystem

Differentiate between the CITES and vegetation.

Read the given articles carefully.

(i) Read the news item and find out how fire started in California? Could it be avoided?
(ii) Write some measures to avoid this kind of hazard.

Activity Discuss some more reasons which are responsible for changes of land use pattern. Has your place undergone any change in the land use pattern in recent years?
Find out from your parents and elderly people. You can conduct an interview by asking the following questions.

Based on the table you have just completed, draw a picture of land use patterns that you foresee in your neighbourhood after 20 years. Why do you think that land use patterns change over the years?

What are the important categories of Natural resources? Explain with examples.

Explain briefly the classification of resources on the basis of their distribution. What are the important factors that affect their distribution?

Mention the factors on which distribution of resources depends.

Why are the human beings treated as resources ? Explain briefly.

Explain briefly how can resources be used productively?

Why is the law to form worker unions/associations necessary?

How did the textile mills in Ahmedabad close due to power looms?

Which industries are relocated by developed countries and where?

What do you understand by the 'Worker's Union'

What should a community do in order to be prepared before every flood season?

List simple do's and don'ts in the event of tremors or an earthquake.

List the steps in preparing for a cyclone.

Source: United News of India
Hundreds Feared Killed as Cyclone Devastates Odisha Coast
Several hundred people were feared killed as the super cyclone with a velocity of more than 260 kph battered 10 coastal districts of Odisha for more than eight hours today. The state government called in the army and the air force to help carry out relief and rescue operation. "You cannot imagine the devastation. More than 200,000 houses have been destroyed and vast tracts in the coastal areas submerged," Chief Minister Giridhar Gamang told the United News of India on telephone. He also spoke to Defence Minister George Fernandes to send in troops, air force helicopters and transport aircraft. All the 10 affected districts remained cut off from the rest of the country with power supply and telecommunication links cut off. According to initial reports, heavy damage has been reported in the affected areas. Road links in certain areas have been cut off. The cyclone hit Paradip port this morning at a speed of 260kph. The diameter of the cyclone was very big and all nine coastal districts of Odisha were affected badly. The storm of rare intensity left petrified residents fearing for their lives in the capital and the thickly populated areas along the coast. Massive loss of life and property was feared, but a clear picture will emerge only after the storm abates.
The hardiest of trees fell to the ferocity of the gales, which swept away much of what came in their way. Torrential rains continued to lash the capital city, which is about 65 km from the Puri coast. The flat terrain along the coast allowed the strong tidal waves to reach far inland without obstruction. The cyclone stormed Bhubaneswar at around 0830 1ST. The gale speed had touched a howling 260 kph by 1500 IST. Telephone and electricity poles snapped like matchsticks, leaving the telecommunication network in shambles. Power breakdowns plagued the affected areas with little prospects of early restoration of supply. The air traffic control tower in Bhubaneswar reportedly suffered damage, leaving little scope for early resumption of air traffic. Fallen trees blocked the roads and the highway between Cuttack and Bhubaneswar. The army moved in to provide immediate relief. Two signal attachments were flown in with INMARSAT terminals to re-establish telecommunication links. Electrical and mechanical engineers of the army are already trying to restore power supply.
Huts and other fragile structures collapsed, forcing the inmates to seek shelter in temples and schools. Tidal waves rose two-storeys high, breaking embankments at Talachua in Paradip and Erasama. Large parts were inundated in the coastal areas. But details were not immediately available. Ships had been taken off the harbour. Several buildings, including the state secretariat complex, were damaged. Eyewitnesses said no tall tree was standing in the entire city anymore. Old-timers said they had never seen such devastation.
The building housing the UNI offices in the heart of the city was among the structures damaged. It forced the agency to shut down its cornputerised news operations. The only means of communication available was the telephone line, which also threatened to go off anytime.
Full details of the havoc wrought by the cyclone are yet to come in, but it was feared to have left a ghastly trail, especially in the coastal areas. Meanwhile, the railways cancelled 14 passenger and mail trains scheduled to run in the cyclone-affected areas.
Question:
In your view, what preventive actions could Odisha have taken to reduce the damage caused when the Super Cyclone struck?

Suggest measures to prevent damage from frequent flooding.

What are public facilities? What are its important characteristics?

Write a short note on "Water a part of Fundamental Right to Life".

How does the water supply for Chennai and nearby cities is maintained by private suppliers?

Should private companies be allowed to take over the task of water supply? 

What is the situation of water supply in different localities of Chennai? Is water available to all? 

What was the verdict of the Supreme Court on PIL filed by the Safai Karamchari Andolan and other organisations?

What is reservation?

What does the Schedule Castes and Schedule Tribes Act 1989state about slave labour?

Who was Kabir and what were his views on the prevalent caste system?

What are the clauses of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989?

Write two types minorities, found in India?

Which mainstream of Indian language form the Adivasis languages?

How many plant species are used by Adivasis for different purpose?

What is Ghettoisation?

Write a short note on Adivasis.

In the context of the Shanti's case, did she get a fair trail?

'According to Article 22 of the Constitution, every person has a Fundamental Right to be defended by a lawyer: What have you learnt from the above?

What is F. L. R. ? Discuss its features regarding law.

Describe the role of the police in investigating a Crime.

What guidelines have been laid by Supreme Court for police during investigation?

Discuss the role of PIL in Indian Judiciary. What values have you learnt from the workings of PIL in Indian judicial system?

What was the 'State (Delhi Administration) vs Laxman Kumar and Others (1985)' case about? Describe it in your own words.

The structure of the courts from the lower to the highest level is such that it resembles a pyramid, Having read the description above, can you fill out which type of courts would exist at which level in the following diagram?

The following is a poster made by the Right to Food campaign. Read this poster and list the duties of the government to uphold the Right to Food. How does the phrase "Hungry stomachs, overflowing godowns! Will we not accept it!!" used in the poster relate to the photo essay on the Right to Food on page 61?
Poster:

Photo essay

Photo 1. In 2001, the drought in Rajasthan and Orissa meant that millions faced an acute shortage of food.
Photo 2. Meanwhile, the government godowns were full of grain. Often this was being eaten away by rats.
Photo 3. In this situation of 'hunger amidst plenty' an organisation called the People's Union of Civil Liberties or PUCL filed a PIL in the Supreme Court. It stated that the Fundamental Right to Life guaranteed in Article 21 of the Constitution included the Right to Food. The state's excuse that it did not have adequate funds was shown to be wrong because the godowns were overflowing with grains. The Supreme Court ruled that the State had a duty to provide food to all. 
Photo 4. It, therefore, directed the government to provide more employment, to provide food at cheaper prices through the government ration shops and to provide mid-day meals to children. It also appointed two Food Commissioners to report on the implementation of government schemes.

What are the powers and functions of High court ?

Write a note on the Rowlatt Act.

How are laws for the country made?

From the below storyboard, can you list two different ways in which people lobbied Parliament

In the following poster, what do you understand by the phrase 'Equal Relationships are Violence Free'? 

List the three forms of protest that you seen in the given photos.

How is government formed in a democracy?

With reference to British rule in India, explain why it is important that people should decide.

Observe the image of the Parliament given below.

What do you think the artist is trying to convey through this image?

The photograph shows results from the third Lok Sabha elections held in 1962. Use the photograph to answer the following questions.

Which state has the highest number of MPs in the Lok Sabha? Why do you think this is so?

Which state has the least number of MPs in the Lok Sabha?

Which concept of secularism is followed by the U.S.A?

Is India a secular state?

Suppose, secular country like India wants to adopt the state religion, then, what would be the consequences?

Why is it necessary to separate religion from the State?

Discuss the nature of Indian Secularism.

What are the functions of a Constitution?

Why do we need a Constitution?

What are the Fundamental Rights given by the Constitution of India? Explain briefly.

Discuss about the history of Nepal.

In what way is the class monitor misusing his power?

Explain the social, cultural and economic impact on population distribution.

What is the pattern of population distribution? Is population evenly distributed? How?

What are the bad effects of population explosion on society? How does population pyramid help in understanding the population of the country?

Describe the distribution of population in the world.

Look at the given figure and find out of these countries how many are in Asia? Locate them on a world map

Write a note on petrochemical industry?

What measures can be taken to reduce the risks of industrial accidents?

"The iron and steel industry is the basic as well as heavy industry." Support the statement with suitable examples.

What are the factors that helped Ahmedabad to become a textile centre?

Write a short note on the Chernobyl disaster

Which are the major food crops of the world? Explain in brief the climatic conditions required to grow them?

Explain briefly the differences between Subsistence farming and Intensive farming.

What are the main features of Indian agriculture?

Explain briefly the climatic conditions and soil types for growing wheat. In which countries it is mainly grown? What is its distribution pattern in India?

Justify the statement briefly "Climate plays a vital role in agriculture."

What are the different techniques used for mineral extraction?

Explain the distribution of Iron, Manganese, Limestone and Gold in India.

What are the different types of minerals? Explain them briefly.

Distinguish between Anthracite and Bituminous Coal.

Write down the advantages and disadvantages of coal.

What is rainwater harvesting? Give some advantages of rainwater harvesting.

Define the following:
(i) Common property resource
(ii) Biosphere
(iii) Ecosystem

Differentiate between the CITES and vegetation.

Read the given articles carefully.

(i) Read the news item and find out how fire started in California? Could it be avoided?
(ii) Write some measures to avoid this kind of hazard.

Activity Discuss some more reasons which are responsible for changes of land use pattern. Has your place undergone any change in the land use pattern in recent years?
Find out from your parents and elderly people. You can conduct an interview by asking the following questions.

Based on the table you have just completed, draw a picture of land use patterns that you foresee in your neighbourhood after 20 years. Why do you think that land use patterns change over the years?

Differentiate between Natural Resources and Human Made Resources.

Explain briefly on what basis does the economic development of a country depends?

What are the important categories of Natural resources? Explain with examples.

Explain briefly the classification of resources on the basis of their distribution. What are the important factors that affect their distribution?

Mention the factors on which distribution of resources depends.

Read the source and answer the questions given below:
Nehru wrote in a letter to the Chief Ministers of states: We have a Muslim minority who are so large in numbers that they cannot, even if they want, go anywhere else. That is a basic fact about which there can be no argument Whatever the provocation from Pakistan and whatever the indignities and horrors inflicted on non-Muslims there, we have got to deal with this minority in a civilized manner. We must give them security and the rights of citizens in a democratic State.
(i) In the above-mentioned source, Nehru is talking about which basic fact?
(ii) What did Nehru demand from the Chief Ministers of states?

This is a picture of Potti Sriramulu. Answer the following questions associated with him:

(i) Who was Potti Sriramulu? Why did he become famous?
(ii) What was his demand?
(iii) When was the Andhra State formed?

When was the Indian Constitution adopted and what were its features?

Explain the context and special features of India's foreign policy after independence.

(i) Whose ashes are being immersed in the picture?
(ii) When was he assassinated?
(iii) By whom was he assassinated

Discuss those developments of the 1937-47 period that led to the creation of Pakistan.

Describe Gandhi's march to Dandi. Why Salt March was an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism?

How did Gandhiji emerge as a mass leader?

Look at the given picture and answer the following questions.

(i) What are demonstrators doing in the above picture.
(ii) What is written on demonstrators banner?

Look at the given picture and answer the following questions.

(i) Name the personality who is driving the Krishna's chariot.
(ii) Name the personality who is holding the flag.

How was the conflict between the Central government and State government resolved?

Read the source and answer the questions given below:
Nehru wrote in a letter to the Chief Ministers of states: We have a Muslim minority who are so large in numbers that they cannot, even if they want, go anywhere else. That is a basic fact about which there can be no argument Whatever the provocation from Pakistan and whatever the indignities and horrors inflicted on non-Muslims there, we have got to deal with this minority in a civilized manner. We must give them security and the rights of citizens in a democratic State.
(i) In the above-mentioned source, Nehru is talking about which basic fact?
(ii) What did Nehru demand from the Chief Ministers of states?

When was the Indian Constitution adopted and what were its features?

Explain the context and special features of India's foreign policy after independence.

(i) At which dam is work going on in the picture
(ii) On which river is ots built?

Discuss those developments of the 1937-47 period that led to the creation of Pakistan.

Find out how the National Movement was organised in your city, district, area or state. Who participated in it and who led it? What did the movement in your area achieve?

Describe Gandhi's march to Dandi. Why Salt March was an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism?

How did Gandhiji emerge as a mass leader?

Look at the given picture and answer the following questions.

(i) Which movement is shown in the above picture.
(ii) Inwhich year this movement was started.
(iii) What did happen in this movement?

Write about the patuas of Bengal

What were the 'New forms of Imperial Art' brought by European Artists?

What happened to the Indian court artists? How did the painters at Indian princely courts reacted to the new tradition of imperial art?

What was the reason behind the Indian nawabs began commissioning imposing oil portraits by European painters?

Look carefully at figures (a) and (b)
(i) In what ways are the Indians depicted as inferior?
(ii) Notice the clothes the British are wearing. What do they convey to you?

What was the main principle of Ramakrishna Mission?

How did the Aligarh Movement influence the field of education?

Discuss the work and contribution of Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar for the upliftment of women.

What is meant by Aligarh Movement? What was its contribution?

Mention two important factors which contributed to the rise of the social reforms movements in India.

Why did many Company officials in India want to promote Indian rather than Western learning?

Who was William Jones?

Describe the attitude of Colebrooke towards India.

Write a short note on Wood's despatch.

What did Wood's Despatch of 1854 state?

Write a short note on Calico Act

Read the source and answer the questions given below: In 1823, the Company government in India received a petition from 2,000 weavers stating: Our ancestors and we used to receive advances from the Company and maintain ourselves and our respective families by weaving Company's superior assortments. Owing to our misfortune, the aurangs have been abolished ever since because of which we and our families are distressed for want of the means of livelihood. We are weavers and do not know any other business. We must starve for food, if the Board of Trade do not cast a look of kindness towards us and give orders for clothes.
(i) Explain the term 'aurangs'.
(ii) Why were the weavers in India thrown out of employment?

In what ways were the steps followed for industrialising Japan different from those followed by the British in industrialising India?

Describe the steps due to which the international market for traditional Indian textiles was eroded during the 19th century.

Describe the development of TISCO as the biggest steel industry within the British empire.

Write a note on the growth of Mumbai (Bombay) during the company's rule.

Discuss briefly the different causes of decline of the small cities during the British rule.

Read the following passage and answer the questions: Ghalib lamented the changes that were occurring and wrote sadly about the past that was lost. He wrote: What can I write? The life of Delhi depends on the Fort, Chandni Chowk, the daily gatherings at the Jamuna Bridge and the Annual Gulfaroshan. When all these hings are no longer there, how can Delhi live? Yes, there was once a city of this name in the dominions of India.
(i) Who was Mirza Ghalib?
(ii) How did the city of Delhi change after the revolt of 1857?

Why is the period from 1830 to 1857 known as the period of Delhi renaissance?

Briefly describe the events occurring in Delhi immediately after partition and how they changed Delhi's social environment.

Write about the patuas of Bengal

What was the reaction against westernised art style in modern India?

What were the 'New forms of Imperial Art' brought by European Artists?

What happened to the Indian court artists? How did the painters at Indian princely courts reacted to the new tradition of imperial art?

Look carefully at figures (a) and (b)
(i) In what ways are the Indians depicted as inferior?
(ii) Notice the clothes the British are wearing. What do they convey to you?

Who was the founder of the Aligarh Movement? What were its objectives?

How were the "untouchables" treated in the Bombay Presidency?

How were the slaves traded in Africa?

Discuss the work and contribution of Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar for the upliftment of women.

What is meant by Aligarh Movement? What was its contribution?

Who introduced the policy of pramountcy? What did it mean? What sort of resistance did the Company face?

What happened when the handle of the toy was turned?

Why did English develop a strong army?

Write a short note on the Charter of 1600

How did the East India Company began trade in Bengal? What demands were put by them to the rulers?

(i) Who designed and produced the floral cotton design in the pictures of Fig A and Fig B?
(ii) How was the blue in these prints produced?
(iii) What do you know about Kalamkari art?

(i) Who is shown in the above picture?
(ii) Which post did he hold?
(iii) Which system was introduced when he held that post?

Look at the above picture and answer the following questions:
(i) What is shown in the picture?
(ii) Why did peasants and artisans from rural area regularly come to these markets?
(iii) When were these markets badly affected?

Colebrook on Bengal ryots

What do you know about Peasant's Revolt?

How did the revolt spread from Meerut to other parts of the country?

The British gradually took over India. How do you think the British justified this takeover? Do you think it was justified? Why or why not?

Did the revolt of 1857 have a popular character? Give arguments to support your answer.

Imagine that you are a British officer in Awadh during the rebellion. What would you do to keep your plans of fighting the rebels a top secret?

What were the causes of the failure of the revolt of 1857?

How was the cultivation traditionally practised by tribal groups carried out?

Why did the tribals agitate under British rule?

Why did the British introduce land settlement in the tribes? What was the net result of this?

What problems did the British face when they enacted the forest laws? How did they overcome these problems?

How were the traders and moneylenders the major cause of the tribals' misery?

Name the artist of this painting.

What are the events covered in Modern History of India?

Why do we continue to associate History with a string of dates?

What is History? Why and how do we periodise a time in History?

What is a Survey? Give examples of different types of surveys conducted.

Why do we need laws?

Why are companies and contractors able to violate environmental laws?

Talk to two workers (for example, construction workers, farm workers, factory workers, workers at any shop) to find out if they are receiving the minimum wages laid down by law.

What do we mean when we speak of  law enforcement? Who is responsible for enforcement? Why is enforcement so important? 

How can laws ensure that markets work in a manner that is fair? Give two examples to support your answer. 

Discuss the main ideas in the above section.What do you think can be done to improve water supply?

Do you think it is also important to conserve resources like water and electricity and to use more public transport?

Do you think that lack of access to proper sanitation facilities affects peoples' lives? How?

Why do you think that this would impact women and girls more acutely?

Why do you think there are so few cases of private water supply in the world?

How does the reservation policy work?

In your opinion does the force put on Rathnam to perform this ritual violate his Fundamental Rights?

Why do you think the Dalit families were afraid of angering the powerful castes?

Look up the glossary and write in your own words what you understand by the term 'morally reprehensible'.

What do you understand by manual scavenging?

Who are minorities?

What provisions are made to protect the interests of minorities?

Why are Adivasis referred to as the minorities?

What is marginalisation?

Briefly describe the religious beliefs of Adivasis.

Why do you think there is a rule that confessions made during police custody cannot be used as evidence against the accused?

When Shanti was arrested for theft, SI Rao also kept her brother Sushil in the police lock-up for two days. Was it legal for the police to detain him? Does it violate the D K Basu guidelines?

Did SI Rao do enough to question witnesses and compile evidence before arresting Shanti and filing a case against her? In keeping with the duties of the police as Stated above, what else do you think SI Rao could have done as part of his investigation?

Now let us take a slightly different scenario. Shanti and her brother Sushil go to the police station to complain that Mr Shinde's 20 years old son had stolen Rs.15,000 that they had been saving up. Do you think that the officer in charge of the police station will promptly lodge an FIR? List a few factors that in your opinion may influence the decision of the police to register or not register an FIR.

What did the judge say in Shanti's case after hearing the testimony of all the witnesses?

With the help of your teacher, fill in the blank spaces in the table below.

Do you think that any ordinary citizen stands a chance against a politician in this kind of judicial system? Why not?

List two reasons why you believe an Independent Judiciary is essential to democracy.

Write two sentences of what you understand about the appellate system from the case .

Fill in the table given below based on what you have understood about criminal and civil law.

Do you think that the government official's actions were right? Should his son be exempt from the law just because his father is economically and politically powerful?

State one reason why you think the Sedition Act of 1870 was arbitrary? In what ways does the Sedition Act of 1870 contradict the rule of law? 

What do you understand by 'domestic violence'? List the two rights that the new law helped achieve for women who are survivors of violence.

State two reasons why historians refute the claim that the British introduced the rule of law in India. 

What were the views of the members of Constituent Assembly regarding the rule of law?

Do you think there would be any difference if the class monitor was selected by the teacher or elected by the students? Discuss. 

Use the terms 'constituency' and 'represent' to explain who an MLA is and how the person gets elected?

Discuss with your teacher the difference between a State Legislative Assembly  (Vidhan Sabha) and the Parliament (LokSabha).

Identify the work of a State Government and that of a Central Government.
The decision of the Indian Government to maintain peaceful relations with China.

Who will be present for discussions in the Lok Sabha?

Trace the journey of your shirt from a cotton field to your wardrobe.

Give some examples of agro-based industries.

Which industry is often referred to as the backbone of the modern industry and why?

Why cotton textile industry rapidly expanded in Mumbai?

What are the similarities between information technology industry in Bangalore and California?

Can there be different views within the same religion?

Can you think of a recent incident, from any part of India, in which the secular ideals of the Constitution were violated and persons were persecuted and killed because of their religious backgrounds?

In what way is Indian secularism different from other democratic countries?

Discuss briefly the violation of the Fundamental Rights in Indian society.

The official recognition by State to a particular religion hurts social harmony. Discuss with examples.

Let us recap the reasons why the Constitution plays an important role in democratic societies by recalling the constitutive rules that you have read about through these examples:

The Constitution also mentions Fundamental Duties. Find out with the help of your teacher what these include and why it is important for citizens in a democracy to observe these.

"India is a democratic state." Explain.

What is the essence of the Right to Equality as provided by the Constitution of India ?

What were the ideals that governed the members of the Constituent Assembly in framing the Constitution of India?

Why are people considered a resource?

What are the causes for the uneven distribution of the population in the world?

The world population has grown very rapidly. Why?

Discuss the role of any two factors influencing population change.

What is meant by population composition?

What is agriculture?

Name the factors influencing agriculture

Name the fibre crops and name the climatic conditions required for their growth

Give reason :In India agriculture is a primary activity

Give reason: Different crops are grown in different regions.

Name any three common minerals used by you every day

Give reasons:
Environmental aspects must be carefully looked into before building huge dams

Distinguish between Biogas and natural gas

Give an account of biogas

How do we conserve minerals?

What were differences between the Orientalists and the Anglicists?

What measures were undertaken by the Company to improve the system of vernacular education?

Why did many Company officials in India want to promote Indian rather than Western learning?

(i) Identify the personality.
(ii) What do you know about him?

Describe the attitude of Colebrooke towards India.

Write a short note on Calico Act

Why was the Calico Act enacted in England?

Read the source and answer the questions given below: According to a report of the Geological Survey of India: Iron smelting was at one time a widespread industry in India and there is hardly a district away from the great alluvial tracts of the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra, in which slag heaps are not found. For the primitive iron smelter finds no difficulty in obtaining sufficient supplies of ore from deposits that no European ironmaster would regard as worth his serious consideration.
(i) What do you understand by slag heaps?
(ii) Why did the process of iron smelting decline by the late 19th century?

In what ways were the steps followed for industrialising Japan different from those followed by the British in industrialising India?

Describe the steps due to which the international market for traditional Indian textiles was eroded during the 19th century.

Why did the scroll painters and potters come to Kalighat? Why did they begin to paint new themes?

Why can we think of Raja Ravi Varma's paintings as national?

What were Company Paintings?

Why did European portrait painting become popular in India?

How did European photographers create the images of India?

Study the given table and answer the following:
Percentage of area in (%)

Name any two steps that government has taken to conserve plants and animals.

Suggest three ways to conserve water.

Why should we conserve biodiversity?

Protected forests too are not completely safe for wild animals. Why?

Discuss in your class, one advantage and one disadvantage today of the decision to keep English as a language of India

What was the role of the Planning Commission?

What did Dr. Ambedkar mean when he said that "In politics we will have equality, and in social and economic life we will have inequality"?

After Independence why was there a reluctance to divide the country on linguistic lines?

Who was Mira Behn? Find out more about her life and her ideas

Find out which countries fought the First World War.

Who did the Indian National Congress wish to speak for?

What did the Muslim League resolution of 1940 ask for?

Discuss the various forms that the Non-cooperation Movement took in different parts of India. How did the people understand Gandhiji?

Write a brief note on khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan.

Make a list of five human-made resources that you can observe around you.

Why are resources distributed unequally over the Earth?

Why are human resources important?

Differentiate between the following: Potential and actual resources.

Differentiate between the following: Ubiquitous and localised resources.

What were the different reasons people had for not sending girls to school?

Why were Christian missionaries attacked by many people in the country? Would some people have supported them too? If so, for what reasons?

In the British period, what new opportunities opened up for people who came from castes that were regarded as 'low'?

Why did Phule dedicate his book Gulamgiri to the American movement to free slaves?

What did Ambedkar want to achieve through the temple entry movement?

Why did James Mill and Thomas Macaulay think that European education was essential in India?

Why did Mahatma Gandhi want to teach children handicrafts?

Why did Mahatma Gandhi think that English education had enslaved Indians?

Define the term 'vernacular'. Why did the British use this term in colonial countries like India?

What were differences between Tagore's idea of education with Mahatma Gandhi's idea?

Why do you think the Act was called the Calico Act? What does the name tell us about the kind of textiles the Act wanted to ban?

What is jamdani?

What is bandanna?

What problems did the Indian textile industry face in the early years of its development?

Find out about the history of any craft around the area you live. You may wish to know about the community of craftsmen, the changes in the techniques they use and the markets they supply. How have these changed in the past 50 years?

Imagine yourself walking up Raisina Hill, looking towards Rashtrapati Bhavan. Do you think Baker was right in thinking that looking up to the building would create a sense of awe and emphasise the power of the British?

Can you find at least two instances from the is chapter that suggests that there were other ways of thinking about the image of the capital city?

Think of the life of two young people - one growing up in a haveli and the other in a colonial bungalow. What would be the difference in their relationship with the family? Which would you prefer to live in? Discuss your views with your classmates, and give reasons for your choice.

Identify three differences in the city design of New Delhi and Shahjahanabad.

Who lived in the "white" areas in cities such as Madras?

Discuss briefly the different causes of decline of the small cities during the British rule.

Why is the period from 1830 to 1857 known as the period of Delhi renaissance?

Briefly describe the events occurring in Delhi immediately after partition and how they changed Delhi's social environment.

Compare the view in fig b with that in fig a. Write a paragraph on what the changes depicted in the pictures might have meant to people living in the area.
(a)
 
(b)

Imagine that you are a young man living in Shahjahanabad in 1700. Based on the description of the area in this chapter, write an account of your activities during one day of your life.

How did the revolt spread from Meerut to other parts of the country?

The British gradually took over India. How do you think the British justified this takeover? Do you think it was justified? Why or why not?

Did the revolt of 1857 have a popular character? Give arguments to support your answer.

Imagine that you are a British officer in Awadh during the rebellion. What would you do to keep your plans of fighting the rebels a top secret?

What were the causes of the failure of the revolt of 1857?

What problems did shifting cultivators face under British rule?

What was Birsa's vision of a golden age? Why do you think such a vision appealed to the people of the region?

Describe the land settlement introduced by the British.

Why did the tribals agitate under British rule?

What problems did the British face when they enacted the forest laws? How did they overcome these problems?

Who was Holt Mackenzie? What was his contribution in the field of land revenue?

What do you know about Ryotwari system?

Distinguish between the features of Mahalwari System and Permanent Settlement.

Why was there great demand for Indian indigo in foreign market?

Describe different stages of the production of indigo.

What caused huge loss of revenue in Bengal?

Why did the East India Company become worried in the late 1830s? What did they do to allay this Worry?

Explain Doctrine of Lapse

Who introduced the policy of pramountcy? What did it mean? What sort of resistance did the Company face?

Who possessed the mechanical toy in the picture?

Historians divided Indian history into ancient, medieval and modern. But this division too has its problems. What are these problems?

Name the artist of this painting.

Look carefully and write a paragraph explaining how this image projects an imperial perception.

In which year this advertisement was published?

What activity is going on in this painting?

Imagine you are a sepoy in the Company army, advising your nephew not to take employment in the army. What reasons would you give?

What were the important concerns in the minds of the people according to Sitaram and according to Vishnubhatt?

Why did the Mughal emperor agree to support the rebels?

Write a paragraph on the assessment he may have made before accepting the offer of the sepoys?

Make a list of places where the uprising took place in May, June and July 1857

Find out whether the conditions of work in the mines have changed now. Check how many people die in mines every year and what are the reasons for their death.

What problems did shifting cultivators face under British rule?

How did the powers of tribal chiefs change under colonial rule?

What accounts for the anger of the tribals against the dikus?

What were the results of tribal dependence on traders and moneylenders?

Why did the cultivator find the system of Permanent Settlement oppressive?

What crisis was faced by the Bengal economy?

What caution the Company had to take after it became the Diwan?

What happened to the weekly bazaar during the economic crisis of Bengal?

Imagine you are a witness giving evidence before the Indigo Commission. WS Seton Karr asks you "On what condition will ryots grow indigo?" What will your answer be?

Imagine that you have come across two old newspapers reporting on the Battle of Seringapatam and the death of Tipu Sultan. One is a British paper and the other is from Mysore. Write the headline for each of the two newspapers.

Imagine that you are a nawab's nephew and have been brought up thinking that you will one-day be king. Now you find that this will not be allowed by the British because of the new Doctrine of Lapse. What will be your feelings? What will you plan to do so that you can inherit the crown?

What were the areas of conflict between the Bengal Nawabs and the East India Company?

How did the assumption of Diwani benefit the East India Company?

After the British conquest of Bengal, Calcutta grew from a small village to a big city. Find out about the culture, architecture and the life of Europeans and Indians of the city during the colonial period.

What is the problem with the periodisation of Indian history that James Mill offers?

Why did the British preserve official documents?

How will the information historians get from old newspapers be different from that found in police reports?

Can you think of examples of surveys in your world today? Think about how toy companies get information about what young people enjoy playing with or how the government finds out about the number of young people in school. What can a historian derive from such surveys?

Imagine that you are a historian wanting to find out about how agriculture changed in a remote tribal area after independence. List the different ways in which you would find information on this.

What causes a cyclonic storm?

What are the hazards associated with cyclones?

What is the 'eye of a cyclone' and what are its characteristics?

Besides natural causes, what are the man-made reasons, which have contributed to increase in the impact of cyclones?

Which are the cyclone-prone areas of our country?

Read the newspaper extract of 2002 below.
In Assam, soldiers have helped rescue thousands of people marooned in remote villages, and more troops have been put on 'standby' for relief operations. An army spokesman said that disaster management squads in speedboats and helicopters were also on standby. This is just the beginning of India's monsoon season, but the rains have been unusually heavy so far.
(i) Find out which are the agencies and organisations that play an important role in flood preparedness and response.
(ii) Make a list of their local offices and people heading them. Ask your teacher to contact Red Cross or any of the other agencies to come and tell you how they prepare for floods and other disasters.

List the causes for floods.

How can communities prepare to face floods?

What should a community do in order to be prepared before every flood season?

Given below are the names of common rivers in India. Against each river, tick in the appropriate box to indicate whether it floods frequently or not.

How does drought affect our lives?

What causes environmental degradation?

List ways to conserve water in day-to-day use.

What actions will help us to mitigate drought individually as well as collectively?

What do you understand by 'rainwater harvesting'?

What is a seismograph? Where is it usually kept in your city? If you live in a village, can you find out where the nearest seismograph is kept?

What precautions should one take when one enters a building that has cracked or collapsed because of an earthquake?

How would you prevent bleeding from a wound on the arm?

Which earthquake vulnerability zones do you live in? (Use the map)

What would you do if you were going home from school and there was an earthquake?

Find out how potassium Iodate tablets can be used to counter exposure to radioactivity.

What causes man-made disasters?

How do man-made disasters affect us?

How would you protect yourself and your family in the case of a nuclear disaster?

How would you recognise the presence of a poisonous gas in the air? What precautions would you take to protect yourself and your family against its harmful effects?

Silicon valley is located in

Maruti Udyog industry comes under

The textile industry at Osaka imports raw cotton from:

These industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers or both

The raw material of textile industry is/are

Who ensures that the laws are implemented?

When did the government amend the 'Child Labour Prevention Act'?

What did the Union Carbide's Bhopal plant produce?

Right to a healthy environment is intrinsic to the Fundamental Right of

Who owns the Union Carbide plant at present?

Which of the following is a water-borne disease?

Who presents the budget?

Where is Porto Alegre situated?

Which of the following is not a source of water in rural areas?

The benefits of a public facility can be shared by