The following diagram shows that a simple pendulum consisting of a bob of mass 100 gm. Initially the bob of the pendulum is at rest at ‘O'. It is then displaced to one side at A. The height of 'A' above ‘O' is 5 cm. (Take g = 10 m/s2)

(i) What is the value of potential energy of bob at 'A' and where does it come from ?

(ii) What is the value of total energy of the bob at position A ?

(iii) What is the value of kinetic energy of the bob at mean position 'O' ?

(iv) What is the value of kinetic energy and potential energy of the bob at the position 'P' whose height above 'O' is 2 cm ?

(v) What is kinetic energy?
(a) Energy acquired due to motion
(b) Energy acquired due to rest
(c) Sum of Potential and mechanical energy
(d) It is the energy stored inside a body.

We take a glass tumbler and place a thick square card on its mouth as shown in Figure (a). A coin is then placed above this card in the middle. Let us flick the card hard with our fingers. On flicking, the card moves away but the coin drops into the glass tumbler [see Figure (b)].

(i) Give reason for the above observation.
(a) The coin possesses inertia of rest, it resists the change and hence falls in the glass.
(b) The coin possesses inertia of motion; it resists the change and hence falls in the glass.
(c) The coin possesses inertia of rest, it accepts the change and hence falls in the glass.
(d) The coin possesses inertia of rest, it accepts the change and hence falls in the glass.
(ii) Name the law involved in this case.

(iii) If the above coin is replaced by a heavy five rupee coin, what will be your observation. Give reason.
(a) Heavy coin will possess more inertia so it will not fall in tumbler.
(b) Heavy coin will possess less inertia so it will fall in tumbler.
(c) Heavy coin will possess more inertia so it will fall in tumbler.
(d) Heavy coin will possess less inertia so it will not fall in tumbler.
(iv) Name the law which provides the definition of force.

(v) State Newton's first law of motion.
(a) Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed, it can be converted from one form to another, total amount of energy always remains constant.
(b) A body at rest remains at rest or, if in motion, remains in motion at constant velocity unless it is acted upon by an external unbalanced force.
(c) For every action in nature there is an equal and opposite reaction.
(d) The acceleration in an object is directly related to the net force and inversely related to its mass.

The car A of mass 1500 kg, travelling at 25 m/s collides with another car B of mass 1000 kg travelling at 15 m/s in the same direction. After collision the velocity of car A becomes 20 m/s. Calculate the velocity of car B after the collision.

(i) What is the momentum of the car A before collision?

(ii) What is the total momentum of car A and car B before collision?

(iii) What is the momentum of the car A after collision?

(iv) What is the total momentum of car A and car B after collision?

(v) What is the velocity of car B after the collision?

Suppose the boy first runs a distance of 100 metres in 50 seconds in going from his home to the shop in the East direction, and then runs a distance of 100 metres again. in 50 seconds in the reverse direction from the shop to reach back home from where he started (see Figure).

(i) Find the speed of the boy.

(ii) Find the Velocity of the boy.

(iii) A boy is sitting on a merry-go-round which is moving with a constant speed of 10m/s. This means that the boy is :

(iv) In which of the following cases of motion, the distance moved and the magnitude of displacement are equal ?

(v) A particle is moving in a circular path of radius r. The displacement after half a circle would be :

One day Rahul decided to go his office by his car. He is enjoying the driving along with listening the old songs. His car is moving along a straight road at a steady speed. On a particular moment, he notices that the car travels 150 m in 5 seconds.

(i) What is its average speed ?

(ii) How far does it travel in 1 second ?

(iii) How far does it travel in 6 seconds ?

(iv) How long does it take to travel 240 m ?

(v) Which of the following statement is correct regarding velocity and speed of a moving body?
(a) velocity of a moving body is always higher than its speed
(b) speed of a moving body is always higher than its velocity
(c) speed of a moving body is its velocity in a given direction
(d) velocity of a moving body is its speed in a given direction

Aditya started driving his car. He increases the speed till 4 seconds and then he kept his card in constant speed for 6 seconds. Then after he decreased the speed of the car upto another 6 seconds. After reaching at the starting place, he draws the speed-time graph of his 16 seconds driving as shown below:

(i) What type of motion is represented by OA ?

(ii) What type of motion is represented by BC ?

(iii) Find out the acceleration of the body.

(iv) Calculate the retardation of the body.

(v) Find out the distance travelled by the body from A to B.

Leucoplasts are colourless plastids. They store starch, oil, proteins. Chromoplasts are coloured plastids. They contain pigments. e.g. Chloroplasts contain green pigment present in the plant cell. Chromoplasts provide colour to various flowers and fruits.

(i) What is the function of leucoplasts?
(a) They store starch, oil, proteins.
(b) They provide colour various flowers and fruits.
(c) They help in photosynthesis.
(d) They give support to the plants.
(ii) Which plastids provide colour to fruits and flowers?

(iii) Which of the following statement is true?
(a) Plastids are present in both plant and animal cell.
(b) Plastids are absent in plant as well as animal cell.
(c) Plastids are present only in plant cell.
(d) Plastids are present only in animal cell.
(iv) Which plastids contain green pigment?
(a) Leucoplasts contain green pigment.
(b) Chloroplasts contain green pigment.
(c) Chromoplasts mainly contain green pigment.
(d) None of the plastids contain green pigment.
(v) Which plastids bring about the process of photosynthesis ?

Study the given diagram and answer the following questions.

(i) Identify the given diagram.

(ii) The function of part labelled as 1 is_______

(iii) Mention any two structures which are not found in above cell.

(iv) Chromosomes are present in________

(v) Lysosomes are also called______

A child wanted to separate the mixture of dyes constituting a sample of ink. He marked a line by the ink on the filter paper and placed the filter paper in a glass containing water as shown in figure. The filter paper was removed when the water moved near the top of the filter paper.

(i) Identify the technique used by the child.

(ii) What would you expect to see, if the ink contains three different coloured components?
(a) We will not see any band on the filter paper.
(b) We would see three bands on the filter paper at various lengths.
(c) We would see infinite bands on the filter paper.
(d) We would see single band on the filter paper.
iii) Give one application where you can use this technique.
(a) To separate salt from sand
(b) To separate wheat from husk
(c) To separate oil from water
(d) To separate drugs from blood.
(iv) For the separation of what kind of substances is the above process used ?
(a) For the separation of insoluble substances
(b) For the separation of single solute that dissolves in single solvent.
(c) For the separation of those solutes that dissolve in the same solvent.
(d) For the separation of those solutes that dissolve in the different solvents.
(v) What is chromatography ?
(a) It is an agricultural method to separate grains
(b) A method to separate magnetic impurities from non-magnetic impurities
(c) The process of separating the suspended particles of an insoluble substance
(d) Method of separating and identifying various components in a mixture, which are present in small trace quantities.

A Chemistry teacher explained the different types of separation of mixtures with the help of given adjoined chart. Now, in a practical test, students were provided with give samples and they were asked to separate the samples applying suitable separation methods. Now the students have to select the correct methods of separation.
(i) Fine mud particles suspended in water.

(ii) Oil from water.

(iii) Sodium chloride from its solution in water.

(iv) Camphor from salt.

(v) Cream from milk

In the given below activity, on heating the solution, water evaporates, and we get back the ink dye in the watch glass. The different substance has a different boiling point. We use this property to separate the components of the mixture. Here, the boiling point of ink is much higher than that of water. On heating the ink solution, water evaporates while ink dye remains in the china dish.

(i) Name the process shown in the diagram.

(ii) Which type of substance can be separated by this method ?
(a) Any solvent from its non-volatile solute.
(b) The volatile solvent from its non-volatile solute.
(c) The non-volatile solvent from its non-volatile solute.
(d) The volatile solvent from its volatile solute.
(iii) What can we interpret about the nature of ink ?

(iv) Name the component which gets evaporated.
(a) Heating leads to the evaporation of water.
(b) Heating leads to the evaporation of dyes.
(c) Heating leads to the filtration of water.
(d) Heating leads to the distillation of dyes.
(v) Define the process shown in the diagram
(a) It is the process of conversion of a liquid into its vapours.
(b) It is a process of separating insoluble component by filtering the solution
(c) It is a process that separates a pure solid in the form of its crystals
(d) It is a technique to separate two miscible liquids

We take some ammonium chloride in a china dish and place the china dish on a tripod stand (see Figure). The china dish is covered with an inverted glass funnel. A loose cotton plug is put in the upper, open end of the funnel to prevent the ammonium chloride vapours from escaping into the atmosphere. The china dish is heated by using a burner. On heating, ammonium chloride changes into white vapours. These vapours rise up and get converted into solid ammonium chloride on coming in contact with the cold, inner walls of the funnel (see Figure). In this way, ammonium chloride collects on the inner sides of the funnel in the form of a sublimate and can be removed.

(i) What name is given to the phenomenon which takes place?

(ii) One of the following does not undergo sublimation. This one is :

(iii) The conversion of a solid into vapours without passing through the liquid state is called : 

(iv) When heat is constantly supplied by a burner to boiling water, then the temperature of water during vaporisation :

(v) During summer days, water kept in an earthen pot (pitcher) becomes cool because of the phenomenon of :

Look at the diagram on the right side. Jar A contains a red-brown gas whereas jar B contains a colourless gas. The two gas jars are separated by a glass plate placed between them. We observe that the red-brown gas will diffuse from jar A into colourless gas in jar B due to which is red-brown colour will also spread into jar B
(i) What name is given to the phenomenon which takes place ?

(ii) Name the brown gas which could be in jar A.

(iii) Which is the colourless gas most likely to be present in jar B ?

(iv) When a gas jar full of air is placed upside down on a gas jar full of bromine vapours, the red-brown vapours of bromine from the lower jar go upward into the jar containing air. In this experiment :
(a) air is heavier than bromine
(b) both air and bromine have the same density
(c) bromine is heavier than air
(d) bromine cannot be heavier than air because it is going upwards against gravity
(v) When a gas jar containing colourless air is kept upside down over a gas jar full of brown-coloured bromine vapour, then after some time, the brown colour of bromine vapour spreads into the upper gas jar making both the gas jars appear brown in colour. Which of the following conclusion obtained from these observations is incorrect ?
(a) bromine vapour is made of tiny particles which are moving
(b) air is made up of tiny particles which are moving
(c) the particles of bromine are moving but those of air are not moving
(d) even though bromine vapour is heavier than air, it can move up against gravity

Which of the following decreases the rate of evaporation?

Which of the following properties is not characteristic of colloidal particles?

Which one of the following compound is not made up of charged ions?

which one is not true of two isotopes?

Ribosomes are the centre for

Evaporation of a material takes place __________

Which of the following properties is not characteristic of colloidal particles?

One atomic mass unit is equal to weight of

The nucleus of an atom is approximately

Which cell organelle is involved in the formation of lysosomes?

Gases can be easily compressed because these have least intermolecular interactions_________

Which one of the following may be termed as pure substance?

Which one of the following compound is not made up of charged ions?

Number of valence electrons in Cl^- ion are

Plant cells have large vacuoles each surrounded by a membrane known as

Which of the following substances is not a solid?

Which of the following properties is not characteristic of colloidal particles?

Which one of the following is not equal to gram molecular mass of hyderogen

The atomic number of neon (Ne), magnesium (Mg²⁺), aluminium (Al³⁺ ) and phosphorus (P^3-) are 10, 12, 13 and 15 respectively.Select the odd species in terms of electronic configuration.

Iodine solution is used to

Large volume of compressed natural gas (CNG) is available in small cylinders to us due to its property of __________

Take the statement which is not correct:

Which one of the following elements gives polyatomic molecules?

The size of an atom is decided by:

Which cell organelle is involved in the formation of lysosomes?

Hybridisation refer to crossing between

Which of the following nutrients is not provided by soil to plants?

Which one of the following sets of plants includes weeds only?

Catla, Rohu and Mrigals constitute

Which one of the following is known as rock bee?

The gas which causes greenhouse effect is

Most of the water on the earth surface is found in

Ozone hole was first observed over

Which of the following organisms are very sensitive to the levels of contaminants like sulphur dioxide in air?

Which one of the following factors are not responsible for formation of soil?

The protozoan organism that causes kalaazar is

Which one of the following is not the common disease caused by viruses?

Which one of the following is dangerous for individual health?

Which one of the following disease is spread by microbes?

Infectious diseases can prevented by

In a slinky (i.e., a long spring) which of the following type of waves can be generated?

Hz is the unit of

If a wave completes 20 vibrations in 2.5 s, then its frequency is

The reciprocal if frequency is

A boat at anchor is rocked by waves whose crests are 100 m apart and whose velocity is 25 m/s/ How often do the crests reach the boat?

A body is under the action of the equal and opposite forces, each of 5 N.The body is displaced by 2m.The work done is

A body at rest can have

A body starts from rest and acquires a velocity v in time T. The work done on the body in time t will be proportional to

The mass of a body P is twice that of body Q, but the speed of P is half of that of Q.The kinetic energies of P and Q are in the ratio of

If the speed of a motor car increases by six times, its kinetic energy will increase by

When a fruit falls from a tree,

The earth attracts a body with a force of 10 N. with what force does that the body attracts the earth?

Newton's law of gravitation is applicable to

All bodies whether large or small fall with the

A stone of mass 1 kg is thrown vertically upwards with a velocity of 19.6 ms^-1 . If the resistance by air is neglected, it will rise to a maximum height of

A block of mass M is pulled with a force F along a smooth horizontal surface with a rope of mass m. The acceleration of the block will be

\(kg-m/s^2\) is the unit of 

A force acts on an object which is free to move. if we know the magnitude of the force and the mass of the object, Newton's second law of motion enables us to determine the object's

A man is standing in a boat in still water. If he tries to walk towards the shore, the boat will

What is the momentum of an object of mass m, moving with a velocity v?

\(m/s^{ -2 }\) is the SI unit of 

In the equation: ​\(s=u+\frac { 1 }{ 2 } at^{ 2 }\quad \)s stands for distance covered in

A ball is thrown vertically upwards It rises to a height of 50 m and comes back to the thrower

The initial velocity of a train which is stopped in 20 s by applying brakes retardation due to brakes being 1.5 \(ms^{ -2 }\) is

When a graph of one quantity versus another results in a straight line, the quantity are

The fundamental basic taxonomical unit of classification is

In which one of the following character, members of the Kingdom Monera differ from other kingdoms?

Which one of the following is the example of Thallophyta?

Which one of the following belongs to coelenterata?

A eukaryotic cell does not has:

Aerenchyma is richly found in

How many guard cells enclose a stoma?

Simple squamous epithelium is present in 

A neuron consists of

One bone is joined with another bone by the tissue called

The process of selective movement of substances through semi-permeable membrane is called

What makes to withstand greater changes in the surrounding medium than an animal cell?

Plasmolysis occurs due to

Lysosomes contain

Which cell organelle plays a crucial role in detoxifying many poisons and drugs?

\(\alpha\)-particle is made up of

Outermost shell of an atom cannot accommodate more electrons than

The nucleus of an atom is approximately

Chlorine, argon, potassium, calcium have no. electron as 17, 18, 19, 20 respectively.Their nucleus contains 18, 22,20,20 neutrons respectively.The pair of isobars are

Which one of the following is a correct electronic configuration of sodium?

One atomic mass unit is equal to weight of

Molecules of the following element are made up of one atom of that element

Which of the following supports Dalton's atomic theory of matter?

Which one of the following compound is not made up of charged ions?

Arrange the following compounds in the order of increasing number of molecules:
2 g NH₃; 2 g H₂O; 2 g CO; 2 g HCl

select a heterogeneous mixture of the following:

Which of the following properties is not characteristic of colloidal particles?

Cloud is an example of ___________

The solubility of a salt in water is 20 g/100 g at 25⁰ C. It increases 10% for every 5⁰ C rise of temperature up to 50⁰ C and then becomes constant. A solution of 26 g of the same salt in 100 g of water at 35⁰ C would be

Which of the following is a physical change?

Intermolecular force of attraction is maximum in ___________

Gases are liquified under ______________

Particles of a liquid  _________

Which of the following decreases the rate of evaporation?

Gases can be easily compressed because these have least intermolecular interactions_________

Which one of the following properties is not characteristic of liquids?

Large volume of compressed natural gas (CNG) is available in small cylinders to us due to its property of __________

Gases are liquified under ______________

The fluorescent tubes and neon sign bulbs glow because of ___________

Which of the following decreases the rate of evaporation?

Differentiate between properties or characteristics of three states of matter.

A silver ornament of mass m gram is polished with gold equivalent to 1% of the mass of silver. Compute the ratio of the number of atoms of gold and silver in the ornament.

Verify by calculating that
(i) 5 moles of CO₂ and 5 moles of H₂O do not have the same mass.Atomic mass of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen are 12 u, 16 u, 14 u respectively.
(ii) 240 g of calcium and 240 g magnesium elements have a mole number ratio of 3 : 5.Atomic mass of calcium and magnesium are 40 u and 24 u respectively.

Describe the role played by the lysosomes in the cell. Why are these termed as suicidal bags? How do they perform their function?

On a 100 km track , a train travels the first 30 km at a uniform speed of 30 km \(h^{ -1 }\)How fast must the train travel the next 70 km so as to average 40 km \(h^{ -1 }\) for the entire trip?

List three characteristics of particles of matter.Describe one example for each characteristic to illustrate it.Name the characteristics which are responsible for
(a) spreading of smell of scent in a room and
(b) water taking shape of the vessel in which poured.

State one important characteristics of matter which makes it a solid, a liquid or a gas? Explain

Ice and water are essentially the same substance?Mention any two differences in their properties.

What is pressure?What is its unit?On what factor does the pressure of a gas depend?

How does the b. pt. of a liquid vary with pressure? Explain.

What do you mean by diffusion? Explain giving an example.

If you open a bottle of perfume in one corner of a room, it immediately spreads throughout the room.State and explain the property involved.

How does the meaning of pure substance different for a common man that to a chemist? Explain.

Define the term compound.

If the molar mass of carbon is 12g, what is the mass of one atom of carbon in gram?

Sodium salt and sugar have similar appearance.Why are these classified as different substances?

Why dry ice does not wet the surface on which it is kept?

Al alloy cannot be separated into its constituents by physical methods but still, it is considered a homogeneous mixture. Explain.

(a) What is the 'Tyndall effect? Describe an activity to show that a true solution does not show the Tyndall effect.
(b) Which of the following will show the Tyndall effect? Give reason also:
(i) Milk      
(ii) Salt solution
(iii) Sugar solution  
(iv) Starch solution
(v) Air      
(vi) Tincture iodine.

Enumerate any two differences between simple distillation and fractional distillation.

What is the need to increase food productivity? How can it be achieved?

How do plants get their nutrients?

Define manures. What are its three different kinds? State two limitations of manures.

Differentiate between manure and fertilizers.

What do you understand by soil fertility? Mention any four ways by which soil fertility can be replenished or gained.

What is the role of the atmosphere in climate control?

What are the sources of water pollution?

List three major factors which lead to water pollution. Give examples.

How addition of undesirable substances and change in temperature affect the water the life?

Why is replenishment of forests necessary?

Given an example where tissue-specificity of the infection leads to very general seeming effects.

State and explain in brief the four major factors, which cause disease.

What are the immunisation programmes available at the nearest health centre in your locality?Which of these diseases are the major health problems in your area?

Give cause and remedy of
(a) Hepatitis (b) AIDS (C) Malaria

Kusum and Kuldeep were discussing that in our village a large number of the child either die after a few days of birth or at very early age of their childhood.What should we do to tackle this problem? Kusum said that we should gather the required knowledge from the maternity nursing home or trained maternity nurse.Then with the help of our friends and panchayats,we should educate the illiterate pregnant expected mothers.
Answer the following questions based on the above information:
(a) What information they gathered to prevent infant/early childhood mortality?
(b) Which values are displayed by kusum and kuldeep?

State some important characteristics of wave motion.

Give four differences between transverse and longitudinal waves.

List in tabular form to distinguishing features between longitudinal waves and transverse waves. Give an example of each.

Distinguish between mechanical and electromagnetic waves.

What do you understand by the terms supersonic speed, shock waves and sonic boom?

Discuss whether or not work is done in the following cases:
(i) When we twist a wire.
(ii) When we press a football.
(iii) When we push a table.
(iv) When a person carries a handbag and walks on a level road.
(v) When a person holds a book in his hand and keeps it stationary.

A body of mass 25 kg is raised to the top of a building 10 m high and then dropped freely under gravity.
(a) Calculate the work done in raising the body to the top of the building.
(b) What is the value of the gravitational potential energy at the top of the building?
(c) By what factor will the gravitational potential energy of the same body increase if it is raised to the top of a multistorey building 30 m high?
(d) When will the kinetic energy of the body be maximum?

A 100 W electric bulb is lighted for 2 hours every day and five 40W tubes are lighted for 4 hours everyday. Calculate
(i) the energy consumed for 60 days and the
(ii) cost of electricity consumed at the rate of Rs.3 per kWh.

Define the term work.State the conditions that need to be satisfied for work to be done.Give some situations in which work is done.

When is the work done by a force said to be (a) positive and (b) negative?Give examples.

A stone is dropped from the adge ofg the roof, find
(i) How long does it take to fall 4.9 m?
(ii) How fast does it move at the end of that fall?
(iii) How fast does it move at the end of 7.9 metres?
(iv) What is its acceleration after 1 s and after 2s?

What are the differences between the mass of an object and its weight?

What happens to the force between two objects, if
(i) the mass of one object is doubled?
(ii) the distance between the objects is doubled and tripled?
(iii) the masses of both objects are doubled?

State any three differences between mass and weight.

(i) Prove that, if the earth attracts two bodies placed at the same distance from the centre of the earth with equal force, then their masses will be the same.
(ii) Mathematically express the acceleration due to gravity in terms of mass of the earth and radius of the earth.
(iii) Why is G called a universal constant?

What are unbalanced forces? Give examples.

What is relationship between mass and inertia? Give the SI unit of mass and inertia.

State and explain Newton's second law of motion.

State the law of conservation of momentum. Prove this law by taking the case of collision of two bodies.
Hence in the absence of an external force, the total momentum of a group of objects remains unchanged or conserved during the collision. This is the law of conservation of momentum.

Two objects of masses 100 g and 200 g are moving along the same line and direction with velocities of \(2m{s}^{-1}\) and \(1m{s}^{-1}\), respectively. They collide and after the collision, the first object moves at a velocity of \(1.67 m s ^{-1}\) Determine the velocity of the second object.

State one important characteristics of matter which makes it a solid, a liquid or a gas? Explain

Ice and water are essentially the same substance?Mention any two differences in their properties.

Compare a block of wood, water and air on the basis of the following:
(i) Compressibility
(ii) Particle motion
(iii) Rigidity

Arrange the following in the increasing order of: Iron nail, Kerosene, Oxygen.
(i) Force of attraction
(ii) Intermolecular space

Define (i) latent heat of fusion and (ii) Latent heat of vaporisation of water.

List the various types of homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures with examples.

Give the distinguishing feature of a pure substance or a compound and a mixture.

(a)State the difference between a pure substance and a mixture.Give one example of each.
(b) Identify homogeneous mixture from the following:
(i) smoke
(ii) brass
(iii) tincture of iodine  
(iv) milk

(a)Compare true solution, suspension and colloidal in terms of:
(i) filterability 
(ii) stability
(b) List two factors which bring about a change in the state of matters say, gas to liquid.

Give below is the list of some colloids. Make a list selecting them on the basis of type, dispersing medium. Also give the nature of dispersed phase in each.
Fog, cloud, shaving cream, milk, face cream, milk of magnesia, foam rubber, sponge, jelly, cheese, butter, paint, writing ink, smoke, blood, coloured gemstone.

A stone is dropped from the adge ofg the roof, find
(i) How long does it take to fall 4.9 m?
(ii) How fast does it move at the end of that fall?
(iii) How fast does it move at the end of 7.9 metres?
(iv) What is its acceleration after 1 s and after 2s?

What are the differences between the mass of an object and its weight?

What happens to the force between two objects, if
(i) the mass of one object is doubled?
(ii) the distance between the objects is doubled and tripled?
(iii) the masses of both objects are doubled?

A ball is thrown vertically upwards with a velocity of 49 m/s. Calculate
(i) the maximum height to which it rises,
(ii) the total time it takes to return to the surface of the earth.

State any three differences between mass and weight.

Describe the various types of motions observed in bodies.

Give some points of differences between distance and displacement

Give two differences between distance and displacement

Define the term average speed.

Define acceleration .Is it a scalar or a vector quantity?

Distinguish between Bryophyta and Thallophyta stating two examples of each.

Write down the hierarchic categories which are generally used for classification of animals.

What is the difference between Bryophyta and Pteridophyta?

You are given an assortment of plants on your laboratory table. What characters will you look in order to label a particular specimen as:
(i) Angiosperm
(ii) Moss
(iii) Alga

What are the differences between animals belonging to the Aves group and those in the mammalia group?

Compare manure and fertilizer in three points.

Differentiate between manure and fertilizers.

What do you understand by soil fertility? Mention any four ways by which soil fertility can be replenished or gained.

What are advantages of mixed cropping?

Explain the objectives of mixed cropping. How are crops selected for mixed cropping?

What is the role of the atmosphere in climate control?

Mention a cause and a consequence of acid rain.

What are the sources of water pollution?

List three major factors which lead to water pollution. Give examples.

How addition of undesirable substances and change in temperature affect the water the life?

State some important characteristics of wave motion.

Give four differences between transverse and longitudinal waves.

List in tabular form to distinguishing features between longitudinal waves and transverse waves. Give an example of each.

Distinguish between mechanical and electromagnetic waves.

What do you understand by the terms supersonic speed, shock waves and sonic boom?

What are structural and functional difference between plants and animals?

List any four salient features of meristematic tissue.

What are permanent tissues?

Write the characteristics of Collenchyma.

Differentiate between Chlorenchyma and Aerenchyma.

What will happen if an animal or plant cell is put into a solution of sugar and water?

Who discovered cells and how?

Difference between diffusion and osmosis. Write any two examples where a living organism uses osmosis to absorb water.

Distinguish between hypotonic solution, isotonic solution and hypertonic solution.

What is the significance of cell wall in plant cell?

Describe the various types of motions observed in bodies.

What is meant by motion in a straight line? Give some examples of each a motion.

Give some points of differences between distance and displacement

Give two differences between distance and displacement

In a long distance race, the athletes were expected to take four rounds of the track such that the line of finish was same as the line of start Suppose the length of the track was 200 m.
(a) what is the total distance to be covered by the athletes?
(b) What is the displacement of the athletes when they touch the finals line?
(c) Is the motion of the athlets uniform or non-uniform?
(d) Is the displacement of an athlete and the distance moved by him at the end of the race equal?

What are unbalanced forces? Give examples.

What is relationship between mass and inertia? Give the SI unit of mass and inertia.

By how much does the momentum of a body of mass 5kg change when its speed.

(i) decrease from 20 m/s to 0.20 m/s; and

(ii) increases from 30 m/s to 40 m/s?

State the law of conservation of momentum. Write the equation describing the principle.

From a rifle of mass 4 kg, a bullet of mass 5 g is fired with an initial velocity of 35 \(m s^{-1}\) Calculate the initial recoil velocity of the rifle.

Discuss whether or not work is done in the following cases:
(i) When we twist a wire.
(ii) When we press a football.
(iii) When we push a table.
(iv) When a person carries a handbag and walks on a level road.
(v) When a person holds a book in his hand and keeps it stationary.

A car weighing 1000 kg and travelling at 30 m/s stops at a distance of 50 m decelerating uniformly. What is the force exerted on it by the brakes?What is the work done by the brakes?

Define the term energy.Give some examples of bodies possessing some energy.

What is the work to be done to increase the velocity of a car from 30 km h^–1 to 60 km h^–1 if the mass of the car is 1500 kg?

A body of mass 25 kg is raised to the top of a building 10 m high and then dropped freely under gravity.
(a) Calculate the work done in raising the body to the top of the building.
(b) What is the value of the gravitational potential energy at the top of the building?
(c) By what factor will the gravitational potential energy of the same body increase if it is raised to the top of a multistorey building 30 m high?
(d) When will the kinetic energy of the body be maximum?

State Archimedes' principle? Write two applications of Archimedes' principle.

If a fresh egg is put into a beaker filled with water, it sinks. On dissolving a lot of salt in the water, the egg begins to rise and floats. Why?

The earth is not a perfect sphere. As the radius of the radius of the earth increases from the poles to the equator, the value of g becomes greater at the poles than at the equator. As one goes above the earth's surface, the value of g decreases. If one goes deep inside the earth, then also the value of g decreases. In fact, the value of g becomes zero at the centre of the earth. Moreover, due to the rotation of the earth, the weight of a body is maximum at the poles and minimum at the equator.
(i) Name the factors on which the value of 'g' depends.
(ii) What is the effect of altitude on acceleration due to gravity?
(iii) What is the effect of rotation of the earth on the acceleration due to gravity?

A cubical tub of side 2 m is full of water. Calculate the total thrust and pressure at the bottom of tank due to water. (Take, density of water = 1000 kg m^-3 and g = 10 ms^-2)

Two different bodies are completely immersed in water and undergo the same loss in weight. Is it necessary that their weights in air should also be the same? Justify your answer.

Write down the hierarchic categories which are generally used for classification of animals.

List the similarities between plants and animals.

What is the difference between Bryophyta and Pteridophyta?

You are given an assortment of plants on your laboratory table. What characters will you look in order to label a particular specimen as:
(i) Angiosperm
(ii) Moss
(iii) Alga

You must have observed the following animals in your surrounding environment or in a Zoo. Mention the class to which they belong and give one characteristic feature of each. Frog, fish, lizard, pigeon, bat.

Rutherford's \(\alpha\)-particle scattering experiment give the experimental evidence for deriving the conclusion that
(i) Most of the space inside the atom is empty
(ii) The nucleus of an atom is positively charged.

State the suggestions made by Bohr and Bury with regard to distribution of electrons in different energy levels in the atoms of element.

How do you define valency of an atom?

What are the uses of isotopes?

Define the term "Half-life".

50 g 0f 10% lead nitrate is mixed with 50g of 10% sodium chloride in a closed vessel.After reaction has taken place, it was found that 6.83 g of lead chloride was precipated.Besides, the reaction mixture contained 90g water and sodium nitrate.Calculate the amount of sodium nitrate formed. 

The drawbacks of Dalton's atomic theory of matter.

Give an account of existence of various elements and compounds.

Give the symbol and valency of the following polyatomic ions:
Ammonium, hydroxide, nitrate, carbonate, sulphate, sulphite, bicarbonate, phosphate.

Atomic mass of C-12 is 12 u.On the basis of mole concept, express 1 u into gram.

Define the following terms:
(i) True solution
(ii) Solute
(iii) Solvent      
(iv) Solubility.

Solubility of potassium nitrate at 313 K is 62 g. What mass of potassium nitrate would be needed to produce a saturated solution of KNO₃  in 50 g of water at 313 K what is the effect of change of temperature on the solubility of a salt?

(a) Name the techniques used for separation of those solutes that dissolve in the same solvent.
(b) give any two applications of this technique.

List the various types of homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures with examples.

List in tabular from any three differences between true solution, colloidal solution and suspension.

A wooden chair is a solid at room temperature.Give two reasons.

List two properties that liquids have in common with gases.

Name the state of matter in which:
(i) layers of particles can slip and slide over each other
(ii)particles just move around randomly because of very weak force of attraction.

How does the water kept in an earthen pot(matka) become cool during summer?

What type of clothes should we wear in summer?

Rutherford's \(\alpha\)-particle scattering experiment give the experimental evidence for deriving the conclusion that
(i) Most of the space inside the atom is empty
(ii) The nucleus of an atom is positively charged.

How does Bohr model of atom explain characteristic spectra of different atoms and ionisation in the of gases in the discharge tube experiment?

State the suggestions made by Bohr and Bury with regard to distribution of electrons in different energy levels in the atoms of element.

State the three rules that are followed for determining the number of electrons in different energy levels or shells in an atom.

Define the term "Half-life".

50 g 0f 10% lead nitrate is mixed with 50g of 10% sodium chloride in a closed vessel.After reaction has taken place, it was found that 6.83 g of lead chloride was precipated.Besides, the reaction mixture contained 90g water and sodium nitrate.Calculate the amount of sodium nitrate formed. 

How will you explain the law of constant proportions on the basis of Dalton's atomic theory?

The drawbacks of Dalton's atomic theory of matter.

In a reaction, 5.3 g of sodium carbonate reacted with 6 g of ethanoic acid.The products were 2.2 g of carbon dioxide, 0.9 g water and 8.2 g sodium ethanoate.Show that these observations are in agreement with the law of conservation of mass.
sodium carbonate + ethanoic acid \(\rightarrow \) sodium ethanoate + carbon dioxide + water

Give the symbol and valency of the following polyatomic ions:
Ammonium, hydroxide, nitrate, carbonate, sulphate, sulphite, bicarbonate, phosphate.

How does the meaning of pure substance different for a common man that to a chemist? Explain.

List the points of differences between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures.

Define the following terms:
(i) True solution
(ii) Solute
(iii) Solvent      
(iv) Solubility.

What are colloidal solutions? Give examples.

Explain dispersed phase and dispersion medium in relation to colloidal solution.

How will you show that particles of matter have space between them?

What do you mean by diffusion? Explain giving an example.

If you open a bottle of perfume in one corner of a room, it immediately spreads throughout the room.State and explain the property involved.

Give an example of i) a liquid diffusing into a solid, ii) solid diffusing into a liquid and iii) Solid diffusing into a solid.

Name the three states of matter.give examples of each state.

What the following things provide us?
Maize, green gram, ground nut and niger.

What do we get from cereals, pulses, fruits and vegetables?

Define hydridisation. What are its types?

What are the desirable agronomic characteristics for crop improvements?

List three scientific approaches that are adopted to obtain high yields from our farms.

How is greenhouse effect related to global warming? Explain.

Name any two environmental problems caused by various activities of human beings.

How the biosphere is a dynamic and stable system?

How is our atmosphere different from the atmospheres on Venus and Mars?

How does the atmosphere act as a blanket?

Explain briefly the two groups of diseases.

'Public cleanliness is important for individual health' comment.

State any two conditions essential for good health.

State any two conditions essential for being free of disease.

What are differences between communicable and non-communicable diseases?

Through what type of media, can (i) the transverse waves and (ii) the longitudinal waves be transmitted? Give reason.

Give some examples of waves which are combination of both transverse and longitudinal wave motion.

The sound of school bell is heard by all students in the school. Describe how is sound produced by the bell and how it propagates through air to reach you in the school playground.

Define wave number.

Distinguish between particle velocity and wave velocity?

Seema tried to push a heavy rock of 100 kg fro 200 s but could not more it.Find the work done by Seema at the end of 200 s.

A pair of bullocks exerts a force of 140N on a plough.The field being ploughed is 15 m long.How much work is done in ploughing the length of the field?

Determine the work done in pushing a cart through a distance of 50 m against the force of friction equal to 150 N.

The work done on a body of mass 10 kg to lift it through a certain height is 490J.Calculate the height through which the body is lifted.Take g = 9.8 m/s².

If the work done by a force in moving an object through a distance of 40 cm is 48.4J, what is the magnitude of the force ?

Compare the gravitational forces exerted by the sun and the moon on the earth. Which exerts a greater force and by how many times?

A coin and a piece of paper are dropped simultaneously from the same height. Which of the two touch the ground first? What will happen if they are dropped in vacuum? Give reason for your answer.

Is the weight of a body a scalar or a vector quantity? Give the Si unit for weight.

What do you mean by the weight of an object on the moon? Why is the weight of an object on the moon is less than that on the earth?

Why is the weight of an object on the moon \(\frac{1}{6}\) ^th its weight on the earth.

Define inertia of direction. Give some examples of inertia of direction.

Define the term inertia with respect to motion. Give some example.

What are all cars provided with seat belts?

Why do you fall in the forward directions when a moving bus brakes to a stop and fall backward when it accelerates from rest?

Define momentum of a body. Is it a scalar or velocity quantity?

Define the terms rest and motion Give one example for each.

Give one examples each for directly and indirectly perceivable motions.

A body moves in a circle of radius '2R' What is the distance covered and displacement of the body after 2 complete rounds?

A body was thrown in the vertically upward direction rises up to a height hand comes back to the position of start. Calculate :
(i) the total distance traveled by the body.
(ii) the displacement of the body.

Define average velocity when the velocity of a body changes at a non-uniform rate and a uniform rate.

Give three examples of the range of variations that you see in life forms around you.

Why a method of classification of animals proposed by Aristotle was not accepted? Explain with example.

What is the criterion for classification of organisms as belonging to kingdom Monera or Protista?

In the hierarchy of classification, which grouping will have the smallest number of organisms with maximum common characteristics and which will have the largest number of organisms?

What are phanerogams?

What are characteristic structural features of meristematic cells?

List any four salient features of meristematic tissue.

Write the main functions of parenchyma.

Write the characteristics of Collenchyma.

Write major functions of stomata present in the epidermis.

What will happen when
(i) an egg without shell is placed in concentrated salt solution for 5 minutes.
(ii) an egg without shell is placed in pure / distilled water for 5 minutes. Give reason in brief.

Difference between diffusion and osmosis. Write any two examples where a living organism uses osmosis to absorb water.

How do substances like CO₂ and water move in and out of the cell? Discuss.

Differentiate between prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell.

Fill in the gaps in the following table illustration differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Give the mass and charge of an electron

Comment on the statement: "Electron are constituent of all matter".

State three characteristics of Canal rays.

What are cathode rays and positive rays?

What was the basis on which Rutherford rejected the model of atom as proposed by J.J Thomson?

What is an atom?

Define atomic mass unit.

What are ionic compounds?

The chemical formula of chloride of metal 'M' is MCl.Write the chemical formula of its chloride, bicarbonate and sulphide.

Define 'Molecular Mass'

How would you test the purity of a substance?

Water is a compound and not a mixture. List two reasons to justify your answer.

How will you prepare a saturated solution of copper sulphate in water at 50⁰ C? what will happen if this solution is allowed to cool?

What is the main difference between aqueous and non-aqueous solutions?

(a) 20 g of sodium chloride is dissolved in 100 mL of water. How will you test whether the given solution is saturated or unsaturated at the given temperature?
(b) Suggest any one method by which we can increase the solubility of saturated solutions.

What is matter?

Sodium salt and sugar have similar appearance.Why are these classified as different substances?

In what ways air can be considered as matter?

Why is the rate of diffusion faster in gases.

How does the rate of diffusion change with
(i) density of liquid and
(ii) temperature?
Give examples.

Which one of the following is a fodder crop?

Which one of the following is micro-nutrient?

For mixed cropping which combination of crop generally not used?

The variety of bee that is commonly used for commercial honey production is

Which variety of honey bee have high honey collection capacity?

Which of the following compound is not degraded by any biological process?

The surface of the earth covered with water is 

Ozone hole was first observed over

Which one of the following is not an air pollutant?

Which of the following does not contain nitrogen?

The protozoa organism responsible for sickness is

Which one of the following is not a viral disease?

What do that following observations indicate?
(i) Headache
(ii) Loose motion
(iii) Cough
(iv) Symptoms of a disease

The disease which is transmitted by sexual contact is

Some diseases last for long time, even as much as life time.Such diseases are termed

In gases a sound wave is

Sound waves having the following frequency audible by a human being are:

Hz is the unit of

The separation between two successive crests in a wave is

If the distance between a crest and its consecutive trough is L, then the wavelength of the wave is given by

A body is under the action of the equal and opposite forces, each of 5 N.The body is displaced by 2m.The work done is

The work done on a body does not depend upon the

A body at rest can have

Ns is equivalent to

A body is acted upon by a force which is inversely proportional to the distance covered (S).The work done will be proportional to

When an object is thrown up, the force of gravity

When a fruit falls from a tree,

The force of gravitation between two bodies varies with r as

At which of the following locations, the value of g is the largest?

An athlete runs some distance before taking a long jump because

momentum gives a measure of

\(N \quad kg^{-1}\)  is a unit of

A block of mass M is pulled with a force F along a smooth horizontal surface with a rope of mass m. The acceleration of the block will be

A train drop of mass 0.1g is falling with uniform speed of \(10 cm^{-1}\) What is the net force acting on the drop?

Whittaker classified all organisms into

Five kingdom classification, was proposed by

In Whittaker's classification, the unicellular organisms having various membrane-bound cell organelles are included in the Kingdom of

In five kingdom classification, the blue green algae, nitrogen fixing bacteria and archaebacteria are included in the kingdom of 

The five kingdom classification is based on complexity of

The SI of velocity is

The initial velocity of a body is u.It is under uniform acceleration a its velocity v at any time t is given by

In 12 minutes a car whose speed is 35 km/h travels a distance of

The initial velocity of a train which is stopped in 20 s by applying brakes retardation due to brakes being 1.5 \(ms^{ -2 }\) is

A wooden slab starting from rest slides down a 10 m long inclined plane with an acceleration of 5 \(ms^{ -2 }\) what would be its speed at the bottom of the inclined plane?

A group of cells similar in form, function and origin is known as

Which of the following cells are living cells?

Aerenchyma is richly found in

Simple squamous epithelium is present in 

A neuron consists of

Which of the following scientists coined the term 'cell'?

The largest cell in human body is

Iodine solution is used to

The barrier between the  cytoplasm and the outer environment in an animal cell is

Mitochondria and plastids are able to synthesise some of their own proteins because they have

Positive charge is carried by

Outermost shell of an atom cannot accommodate more electrons than

According to Rutherford, the force of attraction between the moving electrons and ............. is counter balanced by the centrifugal force of electrons.

The nucleus of an atom consists of ..... and .........

What are canal rays?

A mole does not signify

Which one of the following compound is not made up of charged ions?

A group of ....... atoms, molecules or ions is called one mole.

The unit of atomic mass is .............

One mole of S contains ............ atoms.

Which one of the following may be termed as pure substance?

A mixture of ammonium chloride and sand can be separated by

The solvent used to prepare colloidal solution shows Tyndall effect ___________

Cream is separated solution of liquid in ...................

Gases do not have ________

Which of the following decreases the rate of evaporation?

The rate of diffusion of all substances is higher in liquids state than in _________

The reduction in temperature and increase of ___________ can liquify gases.

When an object is thrown up, the force of gravity

When a fruit falls from a tree,

The earth attracts a body with a force of 10 N. with what force does that the body attracts the earth?

Newton's law of gravitation is applicable to

The SI units of G are

If a bus starts suddenly, the passengers in the bus will tend to fall

An athlete runs some distance before taking a long jump because

A rider on a horseback falls back when horse starts running all of a sudden because

The above problem can be explained on the basis of the property of

The combined effect of mass and velocity is taken into account by a physical quantity called

The SI of velocity is

\(m/s^{ -2 }\) is the SI unit of 

A car goes from town A to another town B with a speed of 40 km/h and returns back to the town A with a speed of 60 km/h The average speed of the car during the complete journey is

The initial velocity of a body is u.It is under uniform acceleration a its velocity v at any time t is given by

In the equation: ​\(s=u+\frac { 1 }{ 2 } at^{ 2 }\quad \)s stands for distance covered in

Whittaker classified all organisms into

Five kingdom classification, was proposed by

In Whittaker's classification, the unicellular organisms having various membrane-bound cell organelles are included in the Kingdom of

The fundamental basic taxonomical unit of classification is

In which one of the following character, members of the Kingdom Monera differ from other kingdoms?

A group of cells similar in form, function and origin is known as

Which of the following cells are living cells?

The girth of the stem increases due to

How many guard cells enclose a stoma?

Which of the following cells help sieve tubes to translocate food?

Which of the following scientists coined the term 'cell'?

The largest cell in human body is

The process of selective movement of substances through semi-permeable membrane is called

What makes to withstand greater changes in the surrounding medium than an animal cell?

When an animal cell is placed in hypotonic solution, it

Positive charge is carried by

\(\alpha\)-particle is made up of

The atomic number of neon (Ne), magnesium (Mg²⁺), aluminium (Al³⁺ ) and phosphorus (P^3-) are 10, 12, 13 and 15 respectively.Select the odd species in terms of electronic configuration.

An atom containing 16 electrons and 16 neutrons is represented as

which one is not true of two isotopes?

A mole does not signify

Which one of the following dose not represnt molar mass of a substance?

Molecules of the following element are made up of one atom of that element

When 50 g of calcium carbonate is heated, 22g of CO₂ escapes out.What is the amount residue left?

Which of the following supports Dalton's atomic theory of matter?

Which one of the following may be termed as pure substance?

select a heterogeneous mixture of the following:

Select a compound out of the following:

A mixture of ammonium chloride and sand can be separated by

Take 5gm each of iron filings and sulphur in a china dish, state which activity gives a compound.