CCTET 2021 Biology Syllabus

BIOLOGY SYLLABUS

Unit 1 : Diversity in Living World Biology – its meaning and relevance to mankind What is living; Taxonomic categories and aids ( Botanical gardens, herbaria, museums, zoological parks ); Systematic and Binomial system of nomenclature. Introductory classification of living organisms ( Two – kingdom system, Five – kingdom system ); Major groups of each kingdom along with their salient features ( Monera, including Archaebacteria and Cyanobacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia ); Viruses; Lichens Plant kingdom – Salient features of major groups ( Algae to Angiosperms ); Animal kingdom – Salient features of Nonchordates up to phylum, and Chordates up to class level.

 Unit 2 : Cell : The Unit of Life ; Structure and Function Cell wall; Cell membrane; Endomembrane system ( ER, Golgi apparatus / Dictyosome, Lysosomes, Vacuoles ); Mitochondria; Plastids; Ribosomes; Cytoskeleton; Cilia and Flagella;

Centrosome and Centriole; Nucleus; Microbodies. Structural differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic, and between plant and animal cells. Cell cycle ( various phases ); Mitosis; Meiosis. Biomolecules – Structure and function of Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic acids. Enzymes – Chemical nature, types, properties and mechanism of action.

Unit 3 : Genetics and Evolution Mendelian inheritance; Chromosome theory of inheritance; Gene interaction; Incomplete dominance; Co – dominance; Complementary genes; Multiple alleles; Linkage and Crossing over; Inheritance patterns of hemophilia and blood groups in humans. DNA – its organization and replication; Transcription and Translation; Gene expression and regulation; DNA fingerprinting. Theories and evidences of evolution, including modern Darwinism.

Unit 4 : Structure and Function – Plants Morphology of a flowering plant; Tissues and tissue systems in plants; Anatomy and function of root, stem( including modifications ), leaf, inflorescence, flower ( including position and arrangement of different whorls, placentation ), fruit and seed; Types of fruit; Secondary growth; Absorption and movement of water ( including diffusion, osmosis and water relations of cell ) and of nutrients; Translocation of food; Transpiration and gaseous exchange; Mechanism of stomatal movement. Mineral nutrition – Macro – and micro – nutrients in plants including deficiency disorders; Biological nitrogen fixation mechanism. Photosynthesis – Light reaction, cyclic and non – cyclic photo phosphorylation; Various pathways of carbon dioxide fixation; Photorespiration; Limiting factors . Respiration – Anaerobic, Fermentation, Aerobic; Glycolysis, TCA cycle; Electron transport system; Energy relations.

Unit 5 : Structure and Function – Animals Tissues Elementary knowledge of morphology, anatomy and functions of different systems of earthworm, cockroach and frog. Human Physiology – Digestive system – organs, digestion and absorption; Respiratory system – organs, breathing and exchange and transport of gases. Body fluids and circulation – Blood, lymph, double circulation, regulation of cardiac activity;

Hypertension, Coronary artery diseases. Excretion system – Urine formation, regulation of kidney function Locomotion and movement – Skeletal system, joints, muscles, types of movement. Control and co – ordination – Central and peripheral nervous systems, structure and function of neuron, reflex action and sensory reception; Role of various types of endocrine glands; Mechanism of hormone action.

Unit 6 : Reproduction, Growth and Movement in Plants Asexual methods of reproduction; Sexual Reproduction – Development of male and female gametophytes; Pollination ( Types and agents ); Fertilization; Development of embryo, endosperm, seed and fruit ( including parthenocarpy and apomixis ). Growth and Movement – Growth phases; Types of growth regulators and their role in seed dormancy, germination and movement; Apical dominance; Senescence; Abscission; Photo – periodism; Vernalisation; Various types of movements.

Unit 7 : Reproduction and Development in Humans Male and female reproductive systems; Menstrual cycle; Gamete production; Fertilization; Implantation; Embryo development; Pregnancy and parturition; Birth control and contraception.

Unit 8 : Ecology and Environment Meaning of ecology, environment, habitat and niche. Ecological levels of organization ( organism to biosphere ); Characteristics of Species, Population, Biotic Community and Ecosystem; Succession and Climax. Ecosystem – Biotic and abiotic components; Ecological pyramids; Food chain and Food web; Energy flow; Major types of ecosystems including agroecosystem.

Ecological adaptations – Structural and physiological features in plants and animals of aquatic and desert habitats. Biodiversity – Meaning, types and conservation strategies ( Biosphere reserves, National parks and Sanctuaries ) Environmental Issues – Air and Water Pollution ( sources and major pollutants ); Global warming and Climate change; Ozonedepletion; Noise pollution; Radioactive pollution; Methods of pollution control ( including an idea of bioremediation ); Deforestation; Extinction of species ( Hot Spots ).

Unit 9 : Biology and Human Welfare Animal husbandry – Livestock, Poultry, Fisheries; Major animal diseases and their control. Pathogens of major communicable diseases of humans caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses, protozoans and helminths, and their control. Cancer; AIDS. Adolescence and drug / alcohol abuse; Basic concepts of immunology. Plant Breeding and Tissue Culture in crop improvement.

Bio fertilizers ( green manure, symbiotic and free – living nitrogen – fixing microbes, mycorrhizae ); Biopesticides ( micro – organisms as bio control agents for pests and pat hogens ); Bioherbicides; Microorganisms as pathogens of plant diseases with special reference to rust and smut of wheat, bacterial leaf blight of rice, late blight of potato, bean mosaic, and root – knot of vegetables. Bio energy – Hydrocarbon – rich plants as substitute of fossil fuels.

Unit 10 : Biotechnology and its Applications Microbes as ideal system for biotechnology; Microbial technology in food processing, industrial production ( alcohol, acids, enzymes, antibiotics ), sewage treatment and energy generation. Steps in recombinant DNA technology – restriction enzymes, DNA insertion by vectors and other methods, regeneration of recombinants. Applications of R – DNA technology.

In human health – Production of Insulin, Vaccines and Growth hormones, Organ transplant, Gene therapy. In Industry – Production of expensive enzymes, strain improvement to scale up bioprocesses. In Agriculture – GM crops by transfer of genes for nitrogen fixation, herbicide – resistance and pest – resistance including Bt crops.