PPMET 2021 Biology Syllabus

Punjab Para Medical Entrance Test ( PPMET ) Entrance Examination Biology Syllabus – 2015 :

Unit I. Diversity in Living World

What is living?; Biodiversity; Need for classification; Three domain of life; Taxonomy & Systematic; Concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy; Binomial nomenclature; Tools for study of Taxonomy-Museums, Zoos, Herbaria, Botanical gardens. Five Kingdom classification; Salient features and classification of Monera; Protista and Fungi into major groups; Lichens; Viruses and Viroids. Salient features and classification of plants into major groups-Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperm and Angiosperm (three to five salient and distinguishing features and at least two examples of each category) Angiosperms classification up to class, characteristics features and examples.Salient features and classification of Animals-non chordate up to phyla level and chordate up to classes level (three to five salient features and at least two examples)

Unit II Structural Organization in Animals and Plants

Morphology and modifications; Tissues; Anatomy and functions of different parts of flowering plants: Root, steam, leaf, inflorescence-cymose and racemose, flower, fruit and seed (To be dealt along with the relevant practical of the practical syllabus). Animal tissues; Morphology, anatomy and functions of different systems (digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous and reproductive) of an insect (cockroach). (Brief account only)

Unit III Cell Structure and Function

Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life; Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell; Plant cell and animal cell; Cell envelope, cell membrane, cell wall; Cell organelles-structure and function; Endomembrane system-endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles; mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids, microbodies; Cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles (ultra structure and function); Nucleus-nuclear membrane, chromatin, nucleolus. Chemical constituents of living cells: Biomolecules- structure and function of proteins, carbodydrates, lipid, nucleic acid; Enzymes-types, properties, enzyme action. Cell division: Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis and their significance.

Unit IV Plant Physiology

Transport in plants: Movement of water, gases and nutrients; Cell to cell transport- Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport; Plant- water relations-Imbibition, water potential, osmosis, plasmolysis; Long distance transport of water- Absorption, apoplast, symplast, transpiration pull, rootpressure and guttation; Transpiration-Opening and Closing of stomata; Uptake and translocation of mineral nuterients- Transport of food; Phloem transport, Mass flow hypothesis; Diffusion of gases (brief mention). Mineral nutrition: Essential minerals, macro and micronutrients and their role; Deficiency symptoms; Mineral toxicity; Elementary idea of Hydroponics as a method to study mineral nutrition; Nitrogen metabolism-Nitrogen cycle, biological nitrogen fixation. Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis as a means of Autotrophic nutrition; Where does photosynthesis take place; How many pigments are involved in Photosynthesis (Elementary idea); Photochemical and biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis; Cyclic and non cyclic photophosphorylation; Chemiosmotic hypothesis; Photorespiration; C3 and C4 pathways; Factors affecting photosynthesis. Respiration: Exchange of gases; Cellular respiration- glycolysis, fermentation (anaerobic), TCA cycle and electron transport system (aerobic); Energy relations- Number of ATP molecules generated; Amphibolic pathways; Respiratory quotient. Plant growth and development: Seed germination; Phases of plant growth and plant growth rate; - Conditions of growth; Differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation, Sequence of developmental process in a plant cell; Growth regulators-auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, ABA; Seed dormancy; Vernalisation; Photoperiodism.

Unit V Human Physiology

Digestion and Absorption: Alimentary canal and Digestive glands; Role of digestive enzymes and gastrointestinal hormones; Peristalsis, Digestion, absorption and assimilation of proteins, carbohydrates and fats, Calorific value of proteins, carbohydrates and fats (for box item not to be evaluated); Egestion; Nutritional and digestive disorders - PEM, indigestion, constipation, vomiting, jaundice, diarrhea. Breathing and Respiration: Respiratory organs in animals (Recall only); Respiratory system in humans; Mechanism of Breathing and its regulation in humans - Exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiration, Respiratory volumes; Disorders related to respiration - Asthma, Emphysema, Occupational Respiratory disorders. Body fluids and Circulation: Composition of blood, Blood groups, Coagulation of blood; Composition of Lymph and its function; Human circulatory system - Structure of human heart and blood vessels; Cardiac cycle, Cardiac output, ECG; Double circulation; Regulation of cardiac activity; Disorders of circulatory system - Hypertension, Coronary artery disease, Angina pectoris, heart failure. Excretory products and their elimination: Modes of excretion - Ammonotelism, ureotelism; Uricotelism; Human excretory system – structure and function; Urine formation, Osmoregulation; Regulation of kidney-function - Reninangiotensin, Atrial Natriuretic Factor, ADH and Diabetes insipidus; Role of other organs in excretion; Disorders - Uraemia, Renal failure, Renal calculi, Nephritis; Dialysis and artificial kidney. Locomotion and Movement: Types of movement-ciliary, flagellar, muscular; Skeletal muscle - contractile proteins and muscle contraction; Skeletal system and its functions. (To be dealt with the relevant practical of Practical Syllabus); Joints; Disorders of muscular and skeletal system – Myasthenia gravis, Tetany, Muscular dystrophy, Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Gout. Neural control and coordination: Neuron and nerves; Nervous system in humans-central nervous system, Peripheral nervous system and visceral nervous system; Generation and conduction of nerve impulse; Reflex action; Sense organs; Sensory Perception; Elementary structure and function of eye and ear. Chemical coordination and regulation: Endocrine glands and hormones; Human endocrine system-Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Gonads; Mechanism of hormone action (Elementary idea); Role of hormones as messengers and regulators, Hypo- and hyperactivity and related disorders. (Common disorders eg. Dwarfism, Acromegaly, Cretinism, goiter, exopthalmic goiter, diabetes, Addison's disease). Imp: Diseases related to all the human physiology systems to be taught in brief.

Unit VI. Reproduction

Reproduction in organisms: Reproduction, a characteristic feature of all organism for continuation of species; Modes of reproduction-Asexual and sexual reproduction Modes –Binary fission, sporulation, budding, gemmule, fragmentation; vegetative propagation in plants. Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Flower structure; Development of male and female  gametophytes; Pollinationtypes, agencies and examples; Outbreedings devices; Pollen-Pistil interaction; Double fertilization; Post fertilization events- Development of endosperm and embryo, Development of seed and formation of fruit; Special modes-apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed and fruit formation. Human Reproduction: Male and female reproductive systems; Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; Gametogenesis-spermatogenesis & oogenesis; Menstrual cycle; Fertilisation, embryo development upto blastocyst formation,  implantation; Pregnancy and placenta formation (Elementary idea); Parturition (Elementary idea); Lactation (Elementary idea). Reproduction health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD); Birth control – Need and Methods, Contraception and Medical Termination Pregnancy (MTP); Amniocentesis; Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies-IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (Elementary ides for general awareness).

Unit VII. Genetics and Evolution

Heredity and variation: Mendelian Inheritance; Deviations from Mendelism- Incomplete dominance, Co-dominance, Multiple alleles and Inheritance of blood groups, Pleiotropy; Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; Chromosome theory of inheritance; Chromosomes and genes; Sex determination-In humans, birds, honey bee; Linkage and crossing over; Sex linked inheritance – Haemophilia, Colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans- Thalassemia; Chromosomal disorders in humans; Down’s syndrome, Turner’s and Klinefelter’s syndromes. Molecular Basis of Inheritance: Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central dogma; Transcription, genetic code, translation; Gene expression and regulation- Lac Operon; Genome and human genome project; DNA finger printing. Evolution: Origin of life; Biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (Paleontological, Comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence); Darwin’s contribution, Modern Synthetic theory of Evolution; Mechanism of evolution-Variation (Mutation and Recombination) and Natural Selection with examples, types of natural selection; Gene flow and genetic dirft; Hardy-Weinberg’s principle; Adaptive Radiation; Human evolution.

Unit VIII. Biology and Human Welfare

Health and Disease: Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (Malaria, Filariasis, Ascariasis, Typhoid, Pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm); Basic concepts of immunology-vaccines; Cancer, HIV and AID’s; Adolescence, drug and alcochol abuse. Improvement in food production: plant breeding, tissues culture, sigle cell protein, Bifortification, Apiculture and animal husbandary. Microbes in human welfare: In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers.

Unit IX. Biotechnology and its applications

Principles and process of Biotechnology: Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA technology). Application of Biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, gene therapy; genetically modified organisms- Bt crops; Transgenic Animals; Biosafety issues-Bio piracy and patents.

Unit X. Ecology and environment

Organisms and environment: Habitat and niche; Population and ecological adaptations; Population interactions mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; Population attributes-growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution. Ecosystems: Patterns, components; productivity and decompositions; Energy flow; Pyramids of number, biomass, energy; Nutrients cycling (carbon and phosphorous); Ecological succession; Ecological Services-Carbon fixation, pollination, oxygen release. Biodiversity and its conversation: Concepts of Biodiversity; Patterns of Biodiversity; Importance of Biodiversity; Loss of Biodiversity; Biodiversity conservation; Hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, biosphere reserves, National parks and sanctuaries. Environmental issues: Air pollution and its control; Water pollution and its control; Agrochemicals and their effects; Solid waste management; Radioactive waste management; Greenhouse effect and global warming; Ozone depletion; Deforestation; Any three case studies as success stories addressing environmental issues.

For More Details Visit This Website :

http://bfuhs.ac.in/Nursing15Online/main.htm