Lichen is considered as a good example of obligate mutualism. Explain.

What is mutualism? Mention any two example where the organisms involved are commercially exploited in modern agriculture.

List any two adaptive features evolved in parasites enabling them to live successfully on their host?

Mention any two significant roles of predation plays in nature.

How does an orchid ophrys ensures its pollination by bees ?

Water is very essential for life. Write any three features for plants which enable them to survive in water scarce environment.

What is thermal stratification? Mention their types.

How is rhytidome act as the structural defence by plants against fire?

What is myrmecophily?

What is seed ball?