How is propanoic acid is prepared starting from
(a) an alcohol
(b) an alkylhalide
(c) an alkene

A Compound (A) with molecular formula C₂H₃N on acid hydrolysis gives (B) which reacts with thionylchloride to give compound(C). Benzene reacts with compound (C) in presence of anhydrous AlCl₃ to give compound(D). Compound (D) on reduction with Zn/Hg and Conc.HCl gives (E).  Identify (A), (B), (C) (D) and (E). Write the equations.

Identify X and Y.
\({ CH }_{ 3 }CO{ CH }_{ 2 }{ CH }_{ 2 }COO{ C }_{ 2 }{ H }_{ 5 }\overset { { CH }_{ 3 }MgBr }{ \longrightarrow } X\overset { { H }_{ 3 }{ O }^{ + } }{ \longrightarrow } Y\)

Identify A, B and C
 

A hydrocarbon A (molecular formula C₈H₁₀) on ozonolysis gives B (C₄H₆O₂) only. Compound C (C₃H₅Br) on treatment with magnesium in dry ether gives (D) which on treatment with CO₂ followed by acidification gives(C). Identify A, B and C.

State the laws of reflection.

What is angle of deviation due to reflection?

Give the characteristics of image formed by a plane mirror.

Derive the relation between f and R for a spherical mirror.

What are the Cartesian sign conventions for a spherical mirror?