What is ecological hierarchy? Name the levels of ecological hierarchy. 

What are ecological equivalents? Give one example

‘Green algae are not likely to be found in the deepest strata of the ocean’. Give at least one reason.

What is Albedo effect and write their effects?

The organic horizon is generally absent from agricultural soils because tilling, e.g., plowing, buries organic matter. Why is an organic horizon generally absent in desert soils ?

How Earnest Haeckel defined ecology?

What is ecological hierarchy?

Heliophytes differ from Sciophytes. How?

Based on temperature prevalence, Raunkiaer classified world's vegetation into four types. Name them.

Pyronema confluens is the indicator of fire - comment.

What are edaphic factors?

Define mutualism with an example

What is the principle of commensalism?

Define Amensalism.

Point out any two morphological adaptations noticed in the roots of hydrophytes.