In the extraction of copper, explain the smelting process.

What is zone refining? Describe the principle involved in the purification of the metal by this method.

How are silicates classified? Give an example for each type of silicate.

Why is dioxygen a gas but sulphur a solid?

How does sulphuric acid react with metals at various conditions.

An element 'A' occupies group number 15 and period number 3. It reacts with chlorine to give B which further reacts with chlorine to give C at 273K. Both B and C are chlorinating agents for organic compounds. C is a better chlorinating agent because it chlorinates metals also. Breasts with SO₃ and reduces it to SO₂ B has a pyramidal shape. C has trigonal bipyramidal shape by sp³d hybridisation. Identify the element A and the compounds B and C. Write the reactions.

Write a short note on the oxidation states of 3d series elements.

Give the postulates and limitation of Werner's theory of co-ordination compounds.

How are metal carbonyls classified depending on the number of metal atoms?

How can you determine the atomic mass of an unknown metal if you know its density and the dimension of its unit cell? Explain.

The conversion of molecules x to y follows second order kinetics. Its concentration of x is increased to three times how will it affect the rate of formation of y?
For the reaction x ➝ y as it follows second order kinetics wherefore the rate of formation of y?

Calculate the pH of a buffer mixture which contains 7.5 gms if acetic acid and 10.25 gms of sodium acetate in 1 litre of the solution. K_a for acetic acid is 1.8 x 10^-5.

Derive Henderson - Hasselbalch equation

Write the Nernst equation for the half cell Zn²⁺_(aq)/ Zn_(s)

Derive a relationship between dissociation constant K_a and molar conductivity \({ \Lambda }_{ m }\)

Write the characteristics of catalysts.

Explain the electrical property of colloids with a neat diagram. (or) Write a note on Helmholta electrical double layer.

Ail organic compound (A) C₃H₈O answers Lucas test within 5-10 minutes and on oxidation forms B (C₃H₆O). This on further oxidation forms C(C₂H₄O₂) which gives effervescence with Na₂ CO₃ Balso undergoes iodoform reaction. Identify A, B and C. Explain the conversion of A to B and C.

What is major product formed when 3,3-dimethyl-2-butanol is heated in the presence of H₂SO₄.

An organic compound (A) of molecular formula C₃H₈O₂ is obtained as by-product in the manufacture of soap. Compound (A) on heating with P₂O₅ gives an unsaturated compound (B) of molecular formula C₃H₄O. Compound (A) with well cooled mixture of Conc.H₂SO₄ and fuming HNO₃ form compound (C) which is an explosive. Identify A, B and C and explain the rection.

Draw resonance structures for the following
(i) CH₃COO^-
(ii)CH₃CONH₂
(iii) C₆H_sCHO
(iv) C₆H₅COO^-

Give two tests for aldehydes.

An organic compound (A) with molecular formula C₃H₆O undergoes iodoform reaction. Two molecules of compound (A) react with dry HCI to give compound (B) (C₆H₁₀O). Compound (B) reacts with one more molecule of compound (A) to give compound (C) (C₉H₁₄O). Identify (A), (B) and (C). Explain the reactions.

Draw a flow chart to show classification of nitro compound giving examples for each type.

How do primary, secondary and tertiary amines react with nitrous acid?

Explain the classification of hormones.

Explain the classification of polymers based on their structure and mode of synthesis.