Explain refining of nickel by mond's process

What is zone refining? Describe the principle involved in the purification of the metal by this method.

Distinguish between diamond and graphite.

Give a detailed account on allotropes of sulphur.

Complete the following equations:
a. 4NaCI + MnO₂ + 4H₂SO₄ \(\longrightarrow \)?
b. 6XeF₄ + 12H₂O\(\longrightarrow \)  ?

Explain the Deacon's process.

An element A occupies group number 15 and period number 3, reacts with chlorine to give compound B. The compound B on hydrolysis gives a dibasic acid C. The compound C on heating undergoes auto oxidation and reduction to give a tribasic acid D. Identify the elements A compounds B, C and D. Write the reactions.

Write a short note on the oxidation states of 3d series elements.

Give the postulates and limitation of Werner's theory of co-ordination compounds.

What are the salient feature of crystal field theory?

Ionic solids, which have anionic vacancies due to metal excess defect, develop colour. Explain with the help of a suitable example.

How are crystals classified?

The conversion of molecules x to y follows second order kinetics. Its concentration of x is increased to three times how will it affect the rate of formation of y?
For the reaction x ➝ y as it follows second order kinetics wherefore the rate of formation of y?

A first order reaction completes 25% of the reaction in 100 mins. What are the rate constant and half life values of the reaction?

Calculate the pH of 0.1 M acetic acid if its ionisation constant Ka = 1.8 x 10^-5.

Calculate the pH of 0.001 M HCI solution.

Calculate the pH of 0.1 M NH₄OH if Kb = 1.75 x 10^-5

To 1M solution of AgNO₃, 0.75 F quantity of current is passed. What is the concentration of the electrolyte, AgNO₃ remaining in the solution?

If E₁ = 0.5 V corresponds to Cr³⁺+ 3e^- ➝ Cr_(s) and E₂ = 0.41V corresponds to Cr³⁺+ e^- ➝ Cr²⁺ reactions, calculate the emf (E₃) of the reaction Cr²⁺+ 2 e^- ➝ Cr_(s)

Write the electrochemical mechanism of corrosion.

Give the special characteristics of enzyme catalysed reactions.

Name the method to deduce the charge of the sol particle. Explain it with a neat diagram.

An organic compound A of molecular f formula C₆H₆O gives violet colouration with neutral FeCl₃. Compound A on treatment with metallic Na gives compound B. Compound B on treatment with CO₂ at 400 K under pressure gives C. This product on acidification gives compound D (C₇H₆O₃) which is used in medicine. Identify (A) (B) (C) and D and explain the reactions.

An organic compound A (C₂H₆O₂) liberates hydrogen with metallic sodium. Compound A when heated with anhydrous zinc chloride ultimately gives B (C₂H₄O) whereas) when heated with cone. phosphoric acid gives C (C₄H₁₀O₃). A on oxidation with acidified K₂Cr₂O₇ gives compound D (CH₂O₂). Identify A, B, C and D. Explain the reactions involved.

What are ethers? Write note on simple and mixed ethers with examples.

An organic compound 'A' is a sodium salt of phenolic acid with molecular formula C₇H₅O₃Na. 'A' on heating with soda lime gives compound 'B' of molecular formula C₆H₆O. 'B' gives violet colour with neutral ferric chloride. 'B' on treatment with C₆H₅COCI in the presence of NaOH gives an ester 'C'. Identify 'A', 'B' and 'C'. Explain the reactions.

Discuss the mechanism of aldol condensation.

Account for reducing nature of formic acid.

An organic compound (A) of molecular formula C₇H₆O is not reduced by Fehling's solution but will undergo Cannizzaro reaction. Compound (A) reacts with aniline to give compound (B). Compound (A) also reacts with Cl₂ in the presence of catalyst to give compound (C). Identify (A) (B) and (C) and explain the reactions.

An organic compound (A) C₂H₃OCI on treatment with Pd and BaSO₄ gives (B) C₂H₄O which answers iodoform test. (B) when treated with cone.H₂SO₄ undergoes polymerisation to give (C) a cyclic compound. Identify (A), (B) and (C) and explain the reactions.

Ail organic compound. (A) C₇H₆O reduces Tollens reagent. Compound (A) reacts with acetic anhydride in the presence of anhydrous sodium acetate and gives an unsaturated acid (B). Compound (A) reacts with acetone in the presence of alkali and gives (C). What are (A)(B) and (C) Explain the reactions.

Account for
i) Reduction of CH₃CH gives CH₃CH₂NH₂ while CH₃NC gives (CH₃)₂NH.
ii) (CH₃)₂NH requires two molar proportion of CH₃I to give the same crystalline product formed by (CH₃)₂N with one mole of CH₃l.
iii) Nitration of aniline with conc.HNO₃ may end up with same meta nitro product.
iv) p-toluidine is a stronger base than p-nitroaniline.

Give the uses of carbohydrates.

Explain the classification of hormones.

Explain the classification of polymers based on their structure and mode of synthesis.