Calculate the electric field due to a dipole on its axial line and equatorial plane.

Obtain the expression for energy stored in the parallel plate capacitor.

Explain the equivalent resistance of a series and parallel resistor network.

Explain the determination of unknown resistance using meter bridge.

Show that for a straight conductor, the magnetic field
\(\overset { \rightarrow }{ B } =\frac { { \mu }_{ ° }I }{ 4\pi a } (cos\varphi _{ 1 }-cos\varphi _{ 2 })\hat { n } \)
\(=\frac { { \mu }_{ ° }I }{ 4\pi a } (sin{ \theta }_{ 1 }+sin{ \theta }_{ 2 })\hat { n } \)

Consider two point charges q₁ and q₂ at rest as shown in the figure.

They are separated by a distance of 1m. Calculate the force experienced by the two charges for the following cases:
(a) q₁ = +2μC and q₂ = +3μC
(b) q₁ = +2μC and q₂ = -3μC
(c) q₁= +2μC and q₂ = -3μC kept in water (ε_r = 80)

A spark plug in a bike or a car is used to ignite the air-fuel mixture in the engine. It consists of two electrodes separated by a gap of around 0.6 mm gap as shown in the figure.

To create the spark, an electric field of magnitude 3 x 10⁶ Vm^-1 is required.
(a) What potential difference must be applied to produce the spark?
(b) If the gap is increased, does the potential difference increase, decrease or remains the same?
(c) find the potential difference if the gap is 1 mm.

A battery of voltage V is connected to 30 W bulb and 60 W bulb as shown in the figure.
(a) Identify brightest bulb
(b) which bulb has greater resistance?
(c) Suppose the two bulbs are connected in series, which bulb will glow brighter?

Three identical lamps each having a resistance R are connected to the battery of emf ε as shown in the figure.

Suddenly the switch S is closed.
(a) Calculate the current in the circuit when S is open and closed
(b) What happens to the intensities of the bulbs A, B, and C.
(c) Calculate the voltage across the three bulbs when S is open and closed
(d) Calculate the power delivered to the circuit when S is opened and closed
(e) Does the power delivered to the circuit decrease, increase or remain same?

A proton moves in a uniform magnetic field of strength 0.500 T magnetic field is directed along the x - axis. At initial time, t  = 0s, the proton has velocity
\(\hat { v } =(1.95\times { 10 }^{ -5 }\hat { i } +2.00\times { 10 }^{ 5 }\hat { k } )m{ s }^{ -1 }\). Find
(a) At initial time, what is the acceleration of the proton.
(b) Is the path circular or helical? If helical, calculate the radius of helical trajectory and also calculate the pitch of the helix (Note: Pitch of the helix is the distance travelled along the helix axis per revolution).

Consider the charge configuration as shown in the figure. Calculate the electric field at point A. If an electron is placed at points A, what is the acceleration experienced by this electron? (mass of the electron = 9.1 x 10^-31 kg and charge of electron = −1.6 x 10^-19 C)

The following pictures depict electric field lines for various charge configurations.


(i) In figure (a) identify the signs of two charges and find the ratio \(\left| \frac { { q }_{ 1 } }{ { q }_{ 2 } } \right| \)
(ii) In figure (b), calculate the ratio of two positive charges and identify the strength of the electric field at three points A, B, and C
(iii) Figure (c) represents the electric field lines for three charges. If q₂ = -20 nC, then calculate the values of q₁ and q₃.

A copper wire of cross-sectional area 0.5 mm² carries a current of 0.2 A. If the free electron density of copper is 8.4 x 10²⁸ m^-3 then compute the drift velocity of free electrons.

For the given circuit find the value of I.

Calculate the currents in the following circuit.

What is the ratio of the charges \(\left| \frac { { q }_{ 1 } }{ { q }_{ 2 } } \right| \) for the following electric field line pattern?

A thin conducting spherical shell of radius R has a charge Q which is uniformly distributed on its surface. The correct plot for electrostatic potential due to this spherical shell is _____.

Two metallic spheres of radii 1 cm and 3 cm are given charges of -1 \(\times\) 10^-2 C and 5 \(\times\) 10^-2 C respectively. If these are connected by a conducting wire, the final charge on the bigger sphere is

A carbon resistor of (47 ± 4.7 ) k Ω to be marked with rings of different colours for its identification. The colour code sequence will be ______.

In India electricity is supplied for domestic use at 220 V. It is supplied at 110 V in USA. If the resistance of a 60 W bulb for use in India is R, the resistance of a 60 W bulb for use in USA will be ______.

Which charge configuration produces a uniform electric field?

An electric dipole is placed at an alignment angle of 30^o with an electric field of 2 x 10⁵ NC^-1. It experiences a torque equal to 8 N m. The charge on the dipole if the dipole length is 1 cm is

A toaster operating at 240 V has a resistance of 120 Ω. The power is ______.

A carbon resistor of (47 ± 4.7 ) k Ω to be marked with rings of different colours for its identification. The colour code sequence will be ______.

A circular coil of radius 5 cm and 50 turns carries a current of 3 ampere. The magnetic dipole moment of the coil is nearly ____.

How does the change in temperature and application of electric field affect the behavior of materials and write the range of resistivity for each materials.

Explain and classify transistor as an oscillator.

Explain current transfer characteristics.

Write any two distinguishing features between Insulators, Metals and semiconductors and insulators an the basis of energy band diagrams.

For a BJT, the common - base current gain α = 0.98 and the collector base junction reverse bias saturation I_CU = 0.6μA. This BJT is connected in the common emitter mode and operated in the active region with a base drive current I_D= 20 μA. The collector current I_C for this mode of operating is

Explain the ampitude modulation with necessary diagrams.

Explain the basic elements of communication system with the necessary block diagram.

Explain the ground wave propagation and space wave propagation of electromagnetic waves through space.

What do you know about GPS? Write a few applications of GPS.

Give the applications of lCT in mining and agriculture sectors.

Give the Schematic representation of valence band, conduction band, and forbidden energy gap and draw energy band structure of
(a) Insulators
(b) Semiconductors
(c) Metals?

What is electronics?

What are the advantages and Limitations of FM?

Write the limitations of AM.

What are the advantages of FM

Distinguish between wireline and wireless communication? Specify the range of electromagnetic waves in which it is used.

What do you mean by Internet of Things?

Distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors.

How electron-hole pairs are created in a semiconductor material?

Distinguish between avalanche breakdown and Zener breakdown.

Define energy band

Define conduction band.

What is forbidden energy gap?

What is barrier potential?

Define bias voltage.

A transmitting antenna has a height of 40 m and the height of the receiving antenna is 30 m. What is the maximum distance between them for line-of-sight communication? The radius of the earth is 6.4 × 10⁶ m.

Give the factors that are responsible for transmission impairments.

Explain centre frequency or resting frequency in frequency modulation.

What does RADAR stand for?

Define electron motion in a semiconductor.

C, Si and Ge have same no of valence electrons. C is an insulator because energy required to take one electron out from ______________.

By adding _________ impurity in intrinsic semi conductor, p type semiconductor is made. Charge of these p type semiconductor is ____________

Why can't we physically join p-type and n-type semiconductor directly to form a p-n junction?

Which statement is incorrect regarding for p-n junction?

The intrinsic semi-conductor has ______________.

The barrier potential of a silicon diode is approximately, ______.

If a small amount of antimony (Sb) is added to germanium crystal,______.

A forward biased diode is treated as ________________.

If a positive half-wave rectified voltage is fed to a load resistor, for which part of a cycle there will be current flow through the load?

The zener diode is primarily used as ______.

Find the intensity at a point on a screen in Young's double-slit experiment where the interfering waves of equal intensity have a path difference.
\(\text { (i) } \frac{\lambda}{4} \text {, and (ii) } \frac{\lambda}{3}\)

The critical angle for a given piece of glass is 45°. Calculate the polarising angle for it. Also calculate the angle of refraction when light is incident on this glass at an angle of incident equal to i_p.

You are given two converging lenses of focal lengths 1.25 cm and 5 cm to design a compound microscope. If it is desired to have a magnification of 30, find out the separation between the objective and the eyepiece.

The total magnification produced by a compound microscope is 20. The magnification produced by the eyepiece is 5. The microscope is focused on a certain object. The distance between the objective and eyepiece is observed to be 14 cm. If the least distance of distinct vision is 20 cm, calculate the focal length of the objective and the eyepiece.

A small telescope has an objective lens of focal length 150 cm and an eyepiece of focal length of 5 cm. What is the magnifying power of the telescope for viewing the distant objects in normal adjustment?
If this telescope is used to view a 100 m tall tower 3km away, what is the height of the image of the tower formed by the objective lens?

Prove law of reflection using Huygens’ principle.

Prove law of refraction using Huygens’ principle.

Obtain the equation for resultant intensity due to interference of light.

Explain the Young’s double slit experimental setup and obtain the equation for path difference.

Discuss the interference in thin films and obtain the equations for constructive and destructive interference for transmitted and reflected light.

What are the conditions for obtaining clear and broad interference bands?

Discuss diffraction at single slit and obtain the condition for n^th maximum.

What are Airy's discs?

Write the drawbacks of Nicol prism.

What is the difference between resolution and magnification?

Obtain the relation between phase difference and path difference.

Differentiate between Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction.

What is Fresnel’s distance? Obtain the equation for Fresnel’s distance.

Mention the differences between interference and diffraction.

Differentiate between polarised and unpolarised light.

What is Rayleigh's scattering?

Write the difference of real and virtual images by a plane mirror.

What is known as constructive interference?

What is known as destructive interference?

Define bandwidth.

What are the salient features of corpuscular theory of light?

What are the important points of wave theory of light?

What is the significance of electromagnetic wave theory of light?

Write a short note on quantum theory of light.

Define wavefront.

A light bulb is placed between two mirrors (plane) inclined at an angle of 60°. Number of images formed are ________________.

Two plane mirrors are inclined at an angle of no. The number of images of a point object placed between them will be _______________.

To get three images of a single object, one should have two plane mirror at an angle of ______________.

A man of length h requires a mirror of length at least equal to, to see his own complete image is _______________.

Two plane mirrors are at 45° to each other. If an object is placed between them then the number of images will be ________________.

A plane glass is placed over a various coloured letters (violet, green, yellow, red) The letter which appears to be raised more is _____.

Two point white dots are 1 mm apart on a black paper. They are viewed by eye of pupil diameter 3 mm approximately. The maximum distance at which these dots can be resolved by the eye is_____. [take wavelength of light, λ = 500 nm]

In a Young’s double-slit experiment, the slit separation is doubled. To maintain the same fringe spacing on the screen, the screen-to-slit distance D must be changed to, _____.

Two coherent monochromatic light beams of intensities I and 4I are superposed. The maximum and minimum possible intensities in the resulting beam are _____.

When light is incident on a soap film of thickness 5 x 10^–5 cm, the wavelength of light reflected maximum in the visible region is 5320 Å. Refractive index of the film will be, _____.

Write the advantages and disadvantages of robotic.

Explain the interdisciplinary nature of nanotechnology.

What are the disadvantages of Robotics?

Write the advantages of Robotics than the human.

Can we completely replace humans with robots?

Discuss the applications of Nanomaterials in various fields.

What are the possible harmful effects of usage of Nanoparticles? Why?

Write the application of nano robots in medical field?

What is particle physics?

Write the two ways of preparing the nano materials.

Write the aim of artificial intelligence in robots.

What is robotics?

Distinguish between Nanoscience and Nanotechnology.

What is the difference between Nano materials and Bulk materials?

Mention any two advantages and disadvantages of Robotics.

Discuss the functions of key components in Robots?

Elaborate any two types of Robots with relevant examples.

What is nanotechnology?

What is the two important phenomena that govern the nano particles?

How does the peacock feathers get colouration?

How does the manipulation of colours obtain in nanoscale structure?

What is the role of nanostructure in the morpho butterfly wings?

Give any two examples for “Nano” in nature.

Why steel is preferred in making Robots?

What are black holes?

What are sub atomic particles?

Nanoscience is the science of object with typical sizes of ___________

If the particle of a solid is of size less than 100 nm, it is said to be a ____________

__________ Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) showing the nano structures on the surface of a leaf from a lotus plant

_______ is synthesized top down approach

Best example for applications of nanotechnology is ______________.

The particle size of ZnO material is 30 nm. Based on the dimension it is classified as _____.

Which one of the following is the natural nanomaterial.

The blue print for making ultra durable synthetic material is mimicked from _____.

The method of making nanomaterial by assembling the atoms is called _____.

“Sky wax” is an application of nano product in the field of _____.

Explain the results of Rutherford α-particle scattering experiment.

What are the drawbacks of Rutherford atom model?

Write the application of alpha decay in smoke detectors.

Explain Chain reaction.

The half-life of  \(_{ 38 }^{ 90 }{ Sr }\) is 28 years. What is the disintegration rate of 15 mg of this isotope?

Explain the J.J. Thomson experiment to determine the specific charge of electron.

Discuss the Millikan’s oil drop experiment to determine the charge of an electron.

Derive the energy expression for an electron is the hydrogen atom using Bohr atom model.

Discuss the spectral series of hydrogen atom.

Explain the variation of average binding energy with the mass number using graph and discuss about its features.

What does a neutron moderator do?

Write the properties of neutrino?

What is the diameter of H₂ atom?

Show that the decay rate 'R' of a sample of a radionuclide is related to the number of radioactive nuclei 'N' at the same instant by the expression R = λN.

Digine atomic mass unit. Find its energy equivalent in MeV

Write the properties of cathode rays.

Give the results of Rutherford alpha scattering experiment.

Write down the postulates of Bohr atom model.

(a) A hydrogen atom is excited by radiation of wavelength 97.5 nm. Find the principal quantum number of the excited state
(b) Show that the total number of lines in emission spectrum is \(\frac { n(n-1) }{ 2 } \) Compute the total number of possible lines in emission spectrum as given in(a).

Calculate the radius of the earth if the density of the earth is equal to the density of the nucleus.[mass of earth 5.97 x 10²⁴ kg].

Which ray has high ionising power? Why?

What is meant by fissile material? Give an example for fissile material?

What is nuclear chain reaction?

State the reasons. Why a chain reaction stops?

What are the essential parts of a nuclear reactor?

What are cathode rays?

What is meant by excitation energy?

Define the ionization energy and ionization potential.

Write down the draw backs of Bohr atom model.

What is distance of closest approach?

Bohr's postulate is based on _______________.

The circumference of an electron's orbit of radius r must be an integral multiple of de Broglie wavelength that is ________________.

The ground state energy of a hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV. The energy needed to ionize H₂ atom from its second excited state ______________.

In terms of Bohr radius a₀, the radius of the third Bohr orbit of a hydrogen atom is given by ______________.

The ionization energy of hydrogen atom is -13.6e V. The energy corresponding to a transition between 3rd and 4th orbit is ______________.

Suppose an alpha particle accelerated by a potential of V volt is allowed to collide with a nucleus of atomic number Z, then the distance of closest approach of alpha particle to the nucleus is _____.

In a hydrogen atom, the electron revolving in the fourth orbit, has angular momentum equal to _____.

Atomic number of H-like atom with ionization potential 122.4 V for n = 1 is _____.

The ratio between the radius of first three orbits of hydrogen atom is _____.

The charge of cathode rays particle is _____.

Explain the production of x-rays.

Write a note on continuous x-ray spectra.

Determine the distance of closed approach when an alpha particle of kinetic energy 4.5 MeV strikes a nucleus of Z = 80, stops and reverses its direction.

A 12.3 eV electron beam is used to bombard gaseous hydrogen at room temperature. Upto which energy level the hydrogen atoms would be excited? Calculate the wavelengths of the second member of Lyman series and second member of Balmer series.

What do you mean by electron emission? Explain briefly various methods of electron emission.

Briefly discuss the observations of Hertz, Hallwachs and Lenard.

Explain the effect of potential difference on photoelectric current.

Explain how frequency of incident light varies with stopping potential.

Explain why photoelectric effect cannot be explained on the basis of wave nature of light.

Derive an expression for De Broglie wave length.

(a) Define the term 'intensity of radiation' in terms of photon picture of light.
(b) Two monochromatic beams, one red and the other blue; have the same intensity. In which case
(i) the number of photons per unit area per second is larger,
(ii) the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons is more? Justify you answer.

List out the laws of photoelectric effect. (or) Write any three Laws of Photoelectric Effect

A proton and an electron have same velocity. Which one has greater de Broglie wavelength and why?

When the electron orbiting in a hydrogen atom in its ground state moves to the third excited state, show how the de Broglie wavelength associated with it would be affected?

What is a photo cell? Mention the different types of photocells.

Name an experiment that shows the wave nature of the electron. Which phenomenon was observed in this experiment using an electron beam?

List out the laws of photo electric effect.

A 150 W lamp emits light of mean wavelength of 5500 Å. If the efficiency is 12%, find out the number of photons emitted by the lamp in one second.

How many photons of frequency 10¹⁴ Hz will make up 19.86 J of energy?

What is surface barrier?

Give example for photosensitive materials Why is called so?

What is photo emissive cell?

What is photo voltaic cell?

What is photo conductive cell?

Why do metals have a large number of free electrons?

Define work function of a metal. Give its unit.

What is photoelectric effect?

How does photocurrent vary with the intensity of the incident light?

Give the definition of intensity of light according to quantum concept and its unit.

P and E denote the linear momentum and energy of a photon. If the wavelength is decreased ____________.

The work function of a metal is hv₀. Light of frequency v falls on this metal. The photoelectric effect will take place only if ___________.

When stopping potential is applied in an experiment on the photoelectric effect no photocurrent is observed. This means that ______________.

If the frequency of light in a photo electron experiment is doubled the stopping potential will ______________.

Light of wavelength falls on a metal having work function \(\frac { { h }_{ c } }{ { \lambda }_{ 0 } } \). Photo electric effect will place only if __________.

The wavelength λ_e of an electron and λ_p of a photon of same energy E are related by _____.

In an electron microscope, the electrons are accelerated by a voltage of 14 kV. If the voltage is changed to 224 kV, then the de Broglie wavelength associated with the electrons would _____.

The wave associated with a moving particle of mass 3 x 10^–6 g has the same wavelength as an electron moving with a velocity 6 x 10⁶ ms^-1. The velocity of the particle is _____.

When a metallic surface is illuminated with radiation of wavelength λ, the stopping potential is V. If the same surface is illuminated with radiation of wavelength 2λ, the stopping potential is \(\frac{V}{4}\). The threshold wavelength for the metallic surface is _____.

If a light of wavelength 330 nm is incident on a metal with work function 3.55 eV, the electrons are emitted. Then the wavelength of the wave associated with the emitted electron is _____.(Take h = 6.6 x 10^–34 Js)

Obtain lens maker’s formula and mention its significance.

Derive the equation for effective focal length for lenses in out of contact

The focal length of an equiconvex lens is equal to the radius of curvature of either face. What is the value of refractive index of the material of the lens?

A ray of light falls on a transparent sphere with centre C as shown in the figure. The ray emerges from the sphere paralled to the line AB. Find the angle of refraction at A if refraction index of the material of the sphere is \(\sqrt { 3 } \). 

For the same angle of incidence, the angle of refraction in two media A and Bare 25° and 35° respectively. In which one of the two media is the speed of light lesser?

Derive the mirror equation and the equation for lateral magnification. 

Describe the Fizeau’s method to determine the speed of light.

Obtain the equation for radius of illumination (or) Snell’s window.

Derive the equation for acceptance angle and numerical aperture of optical fibre.

Obtain the equation for lateral displacement of light passing through a glass slab.

State the laws of reflection

What is intensity division?

Obtain the equation for of microscope.

Write the conditions for nature of objects and images.

What is principal axis of the mirror?

What is optical path? Obtain the equation for optical path.

State the laws of reflection.

Obtain the equation for apparent depth.

What are critical angle and total internal reflection?

Obtain the equation for critical angle.

What is angle of deviation due to reflection?

Is it possible for two lenses to produce zero power?

What is reflection?

What is meant by concave and convex mirror?

Define centre of curvature.

What is angle of deviation due to refraction?

What is principle of reversibility?

What is relative refractive index?

Why do stars twinkle?

Explain the reason for the glittering of diamond.

A light bulb is placed between two mirrors (plane) inclined at an angle of 60°. Number of images formed are ________________.

Two plane mirrors are inclined at an angle of no. The number of images of a point object placed between them will be _______________.

To get three images of a single object, one should have two plane mirror at an angle of ______________.

A man of length h requires a mirror of length at least equal to, to see his own complete image is _______________.

Two plane mirrors are at 45° to each other. If an object is placed between them then the number of images will be ________________.

The speed of light in an isotropic medium depends on, ______.

A rod of length 10 cm lies along the principal axis of a concave mirror of focal length 10 cm in such a way that its end closer to the pole is 20 cm away from the mirror. The length of the image is, ______.

An object is placed in front of a convex mirror of focal length off and the maximum and minimum distance of an object from the mirror such that the image formed is real and magnified.

For light incident from air on a slab of refractive index 2, the maximum possible angle of refraction is, ______.

If the velocity and wavelength of light in air is V_a and λ_a and that in water is V_w and λ_w, then the refractive index of water is______.

Show how to generalize Ampere's circuital law to include the term due to displacement current?

A parallel plate capacitor is charged by an external ac source straight the displacement current inside the capacitor is the same as the current charging the capacitor.

In an Electromagnetic wave propagating along the X - direction, the magnetic field oscillates at a frequency. 5 x 10⁸ Hz and has an amplitude of 10^-7 tesla, acting along the Y-direction.
(i) What is the wavelength of the wave?
(ii) Write the expression representing the corresponding oscillating electric field.

The oscillating magnetic field in a plane Electromagnetic wave is given by
B = (8 x 10^-6) sin (2 x 10¹¹ t + 300 πx) T
(i) Calculate the λ of Electromagnetic wave.
(ii) Find the amplitude of electric field.

In a plane Electromagnetic wave, the electric field oscillates sinusoidally at a frequency of 1.5 x 10¹⁰Hz with & an amplitude of 36 Vm^-1.
(i) What is the wavelength of a wave?
(ii) What the amplitude of the oscillating magnetic field?
(iii) Straight the average energy density of the electric field \(\left( \overrightarrow { E } \right) \), is equal to average energy density of the magnetic field \(\left( \overrightarrow { B } \right) \)

Write down Maxwell equations in integral form.

Explain the Maxwell’s modification of Ampere’s circuital law.

Discuss the source of electromagnetic waves.

Explain the types of emission spectrum.

Explain the types of absorption spectrum.

Discuss briefly the experiment conducted by Hertz to produce and detect electromagnetic spectrum.

Write an expression for the momentum of Electromagnetic wave.

Write the uses of Infrared radiation

Write the frequency source of production and uses of Ultraviolet radiation.

Write the production of gamma rays and mention its properties and uses.

Consider a parallel plate capacitor which is connected to an 230 V RMS value and 50 Hz frequency. If the separation distance between the plates of the capacitor and area of the plates are 1 mm and 20 cm² respectively. Calculate the displacement current at t = 1 s.

A magnetron in a microwave oven emits electromagnetic waves (em waves) with frequency f = 2450 MHz. What magnetic field strength is required for electrons to move in circular paths with this frequency?

A pulse of light of duration 10⁻⁶ s is absorbed completely by a small object initially at rest. If the power of the pulse is 60\(\times\) 10⁻³ W. Calculate the final momentum of the object.

Let an electromagnetic wave propagate along the x-direction, the magnetic field oscillates at a frequency of 10¹⁰ Hz and has an amplitude of 10⁻⁵ T, acting along the y-direction. Then, compute the wavelength of the wave. Also write down the expression for electric field in this case.

If the relative permeability and relative permittivity of a medium are 1.0 and 2.25 respectively, find the speed of the electromagnetic wave in this medium.

Explain the concept of intensity of electromagnetic waves.

What is meant by Fraunhofer lines?

Write the uses of Radio waves.

Write the uses of Micro waves.

(i) How is the speed of Electromagnetic waves in vacuum determined by the electric and magnetic fields? and
(ii) Do Electromagnetic waves carry energy and momentum?

The relative magnetic permeability of the medium is 2.5 and the relative electrical permittivity of the medium is 2.25. Compute the refractive index of the medium.

Compute the speed of the electromagnetic wave in a medium if the amplitude of electric and magnetic fields are 3 x 10⁴ N C^–1 and 2 x 10^–4 T, respectively.

What is displacement current?

What are electromagnetic waves?

Write down the integral form of modified Ampere’s circuital law.

During the propagation of electromagnetic waves in a medium __________________.

A radiation of energy E falls normally on a perfectly reflecting surface. Th e momentum transferred to the surface __________________.

Who produced the electromagnetic waves first?

Speed of electromagnetic wave is the same for all ______________.

Electromagnetic waves are produced by _____________.

The dimension of \(\frac { 1 }{ { \mu }_{ 0 }{ \varepsilon }_{ 0 } } \) is _____.

If the amplitude of the magnetic field is 3 x 10⁻⁶ T, then amplitude of the electric field for a electromagnetic waves is _____.

Which of the following electromagnetic radiations is used for viewing objects through fog 

Which of the following is false for electromagnetic waves

Consider an oscillator which has a charged particle oscillating about its mean position with a frequency of 300 MHz. The wavelength of electromagnetic waves produced by this oscillator is _____.

Using Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, derive an equation for motional emf.

Show that the total energy is constant druing LC oscillations.

Derive a relation between mean or average value of AC and its peak value.

Derive an expression for the RMS value of AC.

Define RMS value of AC. Derive a relation between RMS value of AC voltage & maximum voltage.

Establish the fact that the relative motion between the coil and the magnet induces an emf in the coil of a closed circuit.

Give an illustration of determining direction of induced current by using Lenz’s law.

Show that Lenz’s law is in accordance with the law of conservation of energy.

Give the uses of Foucault current.

Define self-inductance of a coil interms of
(i) magnetic flux and
(ii) induced emf.

Distinguish between average & rms value of an AC.

What is Phasort and How to draw phasor diagram.

What is the phase relationship between current & voltage in an inductive? Draw
(i) Phosor diagram and
(ii) wave diagram.

How does the capacitive reactance depend on frequency? & What is the reactance of a capacitor at hertz to the study at?

What is the phase relation between current and emf in an AC circuit containing a cpacitor only? Sketch a graph showing the variation the reactance of a capacitor with frequency.

A circular loop of area 5 x 10^–2 m² rotates in a uniform magnetic field of 0.2T. If the loop rotates about its diameter which is perpendicular to the magnetic field as shown in figure. Find the magnetic flux linked with the loop when its plane is
(i) normal to the field
(ii) inclined 60^o to the field and
(iii) parallel to the field.

A conducting rod of length 0.5 m falls freely from the top of a building of height 7.2 m at a place in Chennai where the horizontal component of Earth’s magnetic field is 4.04 × 10^–5 T. If the length of the rod is perpendicular to Earth’s horizontal magnetic field, find the emf induced across the conductor when the rod is about to touch the ground. (Assume that the rod falls down with constant acceleration of 10 m s^–2)

A solenoid of 500 turns is wound on an iron core of relative permeability 800. The length and radius of the solenoid are 40 cm and 3 cm respectively. Calculate the average emf induced in the solenoid if the current in it changes from 0 to 3 A in 0.4 second.

Consider two coplanar, co-axial circular coils A and B as shown in figure. The radius of coil A is 20 cm while that of coil B is 2 cm. The number of turns in coils A and B are 200 and 1000 respectively. Calculate the mutual inductance between the coils. If the current in coil A changes from 2 A to 6 A in 0.04 s, determine the induced emf in coil B and the rate of change of flux through the coil B at that instant.

A circular metal of area 0.03 m² rotates in a uniform magnetic field of 0.4 T. The axis of rotation passes through the centre and perpendicular to its plane and is also parallel to the field. If the disc completes 20 revolutions in one second and the resistance of the disc is 4 Ω, calculate the induced emf between the axis and the rim and induced current flowing in the disc.

Draw graphs showing the distribution of charge in a capacitor and current through an inductor during LC oscillations with respect to time. Assume that the charge in the capacitor is maximum initially.

Define Magnetic Flux.

What is meant by power transmission?

Explain the use of transformers in long distance transmission of electric power.

What is meant by AC vollage?

A circular antenna of area 3 m² is installed at a place in Madurai. The plane of the area of antenna is inclined at 47^o with the direction of Earth’s magnetic field. If the magnitude of Earth’s field at that place is 4.1 x 10^–5 T find the magnetic flux linked with the antenna.

A cylindrical bar magnet is kept along the axis of a circular solenoid. If the magnet is rotated about its axis, find out whether an electric current is induced in the coil.

A closed coil of 40 turns and of area 200 cm², is rotated in a magnetic field of flux density 2 Wb m^–2. It rotates from a position where its plane makes an angle of 30^o with the field to a position perpendicular to the field in a time 0.2 s. Find the magnitude of the emf induced in the coil due to its rotation.

A straight conducting wire is dropped horizontally from a certain height with its length along east-west direction. Will an emf be induced in it? Justify your answer.

If the current i flowing in the straight conducting wire as shown in the figure decreases, find out the direction of induced current in the metallic square loop placed near it.

Electromagnetic induction is-not used in ___________________.

Lenz's law is in accordance with the law of ________________.

The unit henry can also be written as ______________.

The self-inductance of a straight conductor is ________________.

An emf of 12V is induced when the current in the coil changes at the rate of 40 A S^-1. The coefficient of self induction of the coil is __________________.

An electron moves on a straight line path XY as shown in the figure. The coil abcd is adjacent to the path of the electron. What will be the direction of current, if any, induced in the coil?

A thin semi-circular conducting ring (PQR) of radius r is falling with its plane vertical in a horizontal magnetic field B, as shown in the figure.

The potential difference developed across the ring when its speed v, is

The flux linked with a coil at any instant t is given by \(\Phi\)_B = 10t² − 50t + 250. The induced emf at t = 3s is

When the current changes from +2A to −2A in 0.05 s, an emf of 8 V is induced in a coil. The co-efficient of self-induction of the coil is

The current i flowing in a coil varies with time as shown in the figure. The variation of induced emf with time would be

Consider a circular wire loop of radius R, mass m kept at rest on a rough surface. Let I be the current flowing through the loop and  be the magnetic field acting along horizontal as shown in Figure. Estimate the current I that should be applied so that one edge of the loop is lifted off the surface?

Explain the principle and working of a moving coil galvanometer.

Show that the magnetic field at any point on the axis of the solenoid having n turns per unit length is \(B=\frac { 1 }{ 2 } { \mu }_{ ° }nI(cos{ \theta }_{ 1 }-cos{ \theta }_{ 2 })\).

Let I₁ and I₂ be the steady currents passing through a long horizontal wire XY and PQ respectively. The wire PQ is fixed in horizontal plane and the wire XY be is allowed to move freely in a vertical plane. Let the wire XY is in equilibrium at a height d over the parallel wire PQ as shown in figure.

Show that if the wire XY is slightly displaced and released, it executes Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM). Also, compute the time period of oscillations.

Drive an expression of Potential energy of a bar magnet in a uniform magnetic field.

Show that for a straight conductor, the magnetic field
\(\overset { \rightarrow }{ B } =\frac { { \mu }_{ ° }I }{ 4\pi a } (cos\varphi _{ 1 }-cos\varphi _{ 2 })\hat { n } \)
\(=\frac { { \mu }_{ ° }I }{ 4\pi a } (sin{ \theta }_{ 1 }+sin{ \theta }_{ 2 })\hat { n } \)

Discuss Earth’s magnetic field in detail.

Deduce the relation for the magnetic field at a point due to an infinitely long straight conductor carrying current using Biot-Savart law.

Obtain a relation for the magnetic field at a point along the axis of a circular coil carrying current using Biot-Savart law.

Compute the torque experienced by a magnetic needle in a uniform magnetic field.

Show the time period of oscillation when a bar magnet is kept in a uniform magnetic field is \(T=2\pi \sqrt { \frac { 1 }{ { p }_{ m }B } } \) in second, where I represents a moment of inertia of the bar magnet, p_m is the magnetic moment and B is the magnetic field.

Calculate the magnetic field at a point P which is perpendicular bisector to current carrying straight wire as shown in figure.

What is meant by coercivity?

What are electromagnets? Mention examples.

State Maxwell's right hand cork screw rule?

A short bar magnet has a magnetic moment of 0.5 J T^–1. Calculate magnitude and direction of the magnetic field produced by the bar magnet which is kept at a distance of 0.1 m from the centre of the bar magnet along
(a) axial line of the bar magnet and
(b) normal bisector of the bar magnet.

Consider a magnetic dipole which on switching ON external magnetic field orient only in two possible ways i.e., one along the direction of the magnetic field (parallel to the field) and another anti-parallel to magnetic field. Compute the energy for the possible orientation.

A coil of a tangent galvanometer of diameter 0.24 m has 100 turns. If the horizontal component of Earth’s magnetic field is 25 x 10^–6 T then, calculate the current which gives a deflection of 60^o .

Compute the intensity of magnetisation of the bar magnet whose mass, magnetic moment and density are 200 g, 2 A m² and 8 g cm^–3, respectively.

Calculate the magnetic field inside a solenoid, when
(a) the length of the solenoid becomes twice with fixed number of turns
(b) both the length of the solenoid and number of turns are doubled
(c) the number of turns becomes twice for the fixed length of the solenoid.
Compare the results.

What are the causes for earth's magnetic field according to Gover?

What is Geomagnetism?

State the elements of Earth's magnetic field.

What is meant by
(i) Geographic axis
(ii) Geographic meridian &
(iii) Geographic equator?

What is magnetic axis, magnetic meridian & magnetic equator?

The horizontal component and vertical component of Earth’s magnetic field at a place are 0.15 G and 0.26 G respectively. Calculate the angle of dip and resultant magnetic field. (G - gauss, cgs unit for magnetic field 1G = 10^–4 T)

Let the magnetic moment of a bar magnet be \(\overset { \rightarrow }{ { p }_{ m } } \) whose magnetic length is d = 2l and pole strength is q_m. Compute the magnetic moment of the bar magnet when it is cut into two pieces
(a) along its length
(b) perpendicular to its length.

Compute the magnetic length of a uniform bar magnet if the geometrical length of the magnet is 12 cm. Mark the positions of magnetic pole points.

Calculate the magnetic flux coming out from closed surface containing magnetic dipole (say, a bar magnet) as shown in figure.

The repulsive force between two magnetic poles in air is 9 x 10^–3 N. If the two poles are equal in strength and are separated by a distance of 10 cm, calculate the pole strength of each pole.

A simple pendulum with charged bob is oscillating with time period T and lets θ be the angular displacement. If the uniform magnetic field switched ON in a direction perpendicular to the plane of oscillation then ___________.

Which of the following graphs shows the variation of magnetic induction B with distance 'r' from along wire carrying current?

Four wires each of length 2m are bent into four loops P, Q, R, and S, and then suspended into a uniform magnetic field as shown in the figure same current is passed in each loop. On which loop the couple will be the highest?

Which one of the following represents current magnetic field lines?

The angle of dip at a place, when horizontal and vertical components of earth's field are equal is ______________.

The magnetic field at the centre O of the following current loop is

An electron moves in a straight line inside a charged parallel plate capacitor of uniform charge density σ. The time taken by the electron to cross the parallel plate capacitor undeflected when the plates of the capacitor are kept under constant magnetic field of induction  \((\vec{B})\) is

A particle having mass m and charge q accelerated through a potential difference V. Find the force experienced when it is kept under perpendicular magnetic field \(\vec { B } \).

A circular coil of radius 5 cm and 50 turns carries a current of 3 ampere. The magnetic dipole moment of the coil is nearly ____.

A thin insulated wire forms a plane spiral of N = 100 tight turns carrying a current I = 8 m A (milli ampere). The radii of inside and outside turns are a = 50 mm and b = 100 mm respectively. The magnetic induction at the centre of the spiral is ______.

The current through an element is shown in the figure. Determine the total charge that pass through the element at a) t = 0 s, b) t = 2 s, c) t = 5s

Calculate the effect internal resistance in series and parallel.

Explain the variation of resistivity of conductor and semiconductor with change in temperature.

What is potentiometer? Give its constant and 5 principles.

Explain what is
(i) Thomson effect,
(ii) Positive Thomson effect,
(iii) Negative effect.

Describe the microscopic model of current and obtain general form of Ohm’s law.

Obtain the macroscopic form of Ohm’s law from its microscopic form and discuss its limitation.

Explain the equivalent resistance of a series and parallel resistor network.

Explain the determination of the internal resistance of a cell using voltmeter.

State and explain Kirchhoff ’s rules

What are carbon resistors? What does the colour indicates?

Derive an expression of drift velocity and write the relation between drift velocity and mobility.

How does one can understand the temperature dependence of resistivity of a conductor?

(a) Distinguish between electric cells and batteries.
(b) Explain its function.

What is meant by electromotive force?

Distinguish between drift velocity and mobility.

What are ohmic and non ohmic devices? 

The resistance of a wire is 20 Ω. What will be new resistance, if it is stretched uniformly 8 times its original length?

Consider a rectangular block of metal of height A, width B and length C as shown in the figure.

If a potential difference of V is applied between the two faces A and B of the block (figure (a)), the current I_AB is observed. Find the current that flows if the same potential difference V is applied between the two faces B and C of the block (figure (b)). Give your answers in terms of I_AB.

Calculate the equivalent resistance for the circuit which is connected to 24 V battery and also find the potential difference across each resistors in the circuit.

Define current.

Define instantaneous current.

Define Ampere.

Define mean free time \(\tau \).

Why are household appliances connected in parallel?

Compute the current in the wire if a charge of 120 C is flowing through a copper wire in 1 minute.

Why current is a scalar?

State microscopic form of Ohm’s law.

State macroscopic form of Ohm’s law.

Define electrical resistivity.

The colour code on a carbon resistor is red - red - black. The resistance of the resistor is ___________.

The electrical resistivity of a thin copper wire and a thick copper wire are respectively \({ P }_{ 1 }\Omega \) m and \({ P }_{ 2 }\Omega \) m Then_____________.

When 'n' resistors of equal resistance (R) are connected in series and in parallel respectively, then the ratio of their effective resistance is ______________

Which of the following has negative temperature coefficient of resistance?

The temperature co-efficient of resistance for alloys is _____________.

The following graph shows current versus voltage values of some unknown conductor. What is the resistance of this conductor?

A wire of resistance 2 ohms per meter is bent to form a circle of radius 1m. The equivalent resistance between its two diametrically opposite points, A and B as shown in the figure is
 

A toaster operating at 240 V has a resistance of 120 Ω. The power is ______.

A carbon resistor of (47 ± 4.7 ) k Ω to be marked with rings of different colours for its identification. The colour code sequence will be ______.

What is the value of resistance of the following resistor?

How do we determine the electric field due to a continuous charge distribution? Explain.

Explain in detail the Electrostatic Potential difference between the charges.

 It requires 50 μJ of work to carry a 2C charge from point R to S. What is the potential difference between these points?

Devise an arrangement of three point charges separated by finite distance that has zero electric potential energy.

An electron is released from the bottom plate (E = 10⁴ Nc^-1) Find the velocity of the electron when it reaches plate B. (e/m = 1.76 x 10¹¹ Ckg^-1).

Consider a point charge +q placed at the origin and another point charge -2q placed at a distance of 9 m from the charge +q. Determine the point between the two charges at which electric potential is zero.

Discuss the basic properties of electric charges.

Explain in detail Coulomb’s law and its various aspects.

Define ‘Electric field’ and discuss its various aspects.

Calculate the electric field due to a dipole on its axial line and equatorial plane.

Deduce an expression for the electric field due to the system of point charges.

What happens when and electric dipole is held in a non-uniform electric field?

What is principle used in Microwave oven? Explain.

Define potential difference and derive.

Consider two point charges q₁ and q₂ at rest as shown in the figure.

They are separated by a distance of 1m. Calculate the force experienced by the two charges for the following cases:
(a) q₁ = +2μC and q₂ = +3μC
(b) q₁ = +2μC and q₂ = -3μC
(c) q₁= +2μC and q₂ = -3μC kept in water (ε_r = 80)

Two small-sized identical equally charged spheres, each having mass 1 g are hanging in equilibrium as shown in the figure. The length of each string is 10 cm and the angle θ is 30° with the vertical. Calculate the magnitude of the charge in each sphere. (Take g = 10 ms⁻²)

Calculate the electrostatic force and gravitational force between the proton and the electron in a hydrogen atom. They are separated by a distance of 5.3 x 10^–11 m. The magnitude of charges on the electron and proton are 1.6 x 10^–19 C. Mass of the electron is m_e = 9.1 x 10^–31 kg and mass of proton is m_p = 1.6 x 10^–27 kg.

Consider four equal charges q₁, q₂, q₃ and q₄ = q = +1 μC located at four different points on a circle of radius 1m, as shown in the figure. Calculate the total force acting on the charge q₁ due to all the other charges.

Calculate the electric field at points P, Q for the following two cases, as shown in the figure.
(a) A positive point charge +1 μC is placed at the origin.
(b) A negative point charge -2 μC is placed at the origin.

Give a comparison of electrical and gravitional forces?

What are Non-polar molecules? State examples.

When does a dielectric said to be polarized?

What are Polar molecules? Give examples.

What are induced dipoles.

Calculate the number of electrons in one coulomb of negative charge.

Consider the charge configuration as shown in the figure. Calculate the electric field at point A. If an electron is placed at points A, what is the acceleration experienced by this electron? (mass of the electron = 9.1 x 10^-31 kg and charge of electron = −1.6 x 10^-19 C)

A block of mass m carrying a positive charge q is placed on an insulated frictionless inclined plane as shown in the figure. A uniform electric field E is applied parallel to the inclined surface such that the block is at rest. Calculate the magnitude of the electric field E.

The following pictures depict electric field lines for various charge configurations.


(i) In figure (a) identify the signs of two charges and find the ratio \(\left| \frac { { q }_{ 1 } }{ { q }_{ 2 } } \right| \)
(ii) In figure (b), calculate the ratio of two positive charges and identify the strength of the electric field at three points A, B, and C
(iii) Figure (c) represents the electric field lines for three charges. If q₂ = -20 nC, then calculate the values of q₁ and q₃.

Calculate the electric dipole moment for the following charge configurations.

Two identical point charges of magnitude –q are fixed as shown in the figure below. A third charge +q is placed midway between the two charges at the point P. Suppose this charge +q is displaced a small distance from the point P in the directions indicated by the arrows, in which direction(s) will +q be stable with respect to the displacement?

Which charge configuration produces a uniform electric field?

What is the ratio of the charges \(\left| \frac { { q }_{ 1 } }{ { q }_{ 2 } } \right| \) for the following electric field line pattern?

An electric dipole is placed at an alignment angle of 30^o with an electric field of 2 x 10⁵ NC^-1. It experiences a torque equal to 8 N m. The charge on the dipole if the dipole length is 1 cm is

Four Gaussian surfaces are given below with charges inside each Gaussian surface. Rank the electric flux through each Gaussian surface in increasing order.

Two identical point charges of magnitude –q are fixed as shown in the figure below. A third charge +q is placed midway between the two charges at the point P. Suppose this charge +q is displaced a small distance from the point P in the directions indicated by the arrows, in which direction(s) will +q be stable with respect to the displacement?

Which charge configuration produces a uniform electric field?

What is the ratio of the charges \(\left| \frac { { q }_{ 1 } }{ { q }_{ 2 } } \right| \) for the following electric field line pattern?

An electric dipole is placed at an alignment angle of 30^o with an electric field of 2 x 10⁵ NC^-1. It experiences a torque equal to 8 N m. The charge on the dipole if the dipole length is 1 cm is

Four Gaussian surfaces are given below with charges inside each Gaussian surface. Rank the electric flux through each Gaussian surface in increasing order.

Two identical point charges of magnitude –q are fixed as shown in the figure below. A third charge +q is placed midway between the two charges at the point P. Suppose this charge +q is displaced a small distance from the point P in the directions indicated by the arrows, in which direction(s) will +q be stable with respect to the displacement?

An electric field \(\vec { E } =10x\hat { i } \) exists in a certain region of space. Then the potential difference V = V_o – V_A, where V_o is the potential at the origin and V_A is the potential at x = 2 m is _____.

The relative permittivity of water is _______.

A toaster operating at 240 V has a resistance of 120 Ω. The power is ______.

In a large building, there are 15 bulbs of 40 W, 5 bulbs of 100 W, 5 fans of 80 W and 1 heater of 1 kW are connected. The voltage of electric mains is 220 V. The maximum capacity of the main fuse of the building will be ______.

Two identical point charges of magnitude –q are fixed as shown in the figure below. A third charge +q is placed midway between the two charges at the point P. Suppose this charge +q is displaced a small distance from the point P in the directions indicated by the arrows, in which direction(s) will +q be stable with respect to the displacement?

Rank the electrostatic potential energies for the given system of charges in increasing order

An electric field \(\vec { E } =10x\hat { i } \) exists in a certain region of space. Then the potential difference V = V_o – V_A, where V_o is the potential at the origin and V_A is the potential at x = 2 m is _____.

The following graph shows current versus voltage values of some unknown conductor. What is the resistance of this conductor?

A carbon resistor of (47 ± 4.7 ) k Ω to be marked with rings of different colours for its identification. The colour code sequence will be ______.

Two identical conducting balls having positive charges q₁ and q₂ are separated by a centre to centre distance r. If they are made to touch each other and then separated to the same distance, the force between them will be _____.

Rank the electrostatic potential energies for the given system of charges in increasing order

Two metallic spheres of radii 1 cm and 3 cm are given charges of -1 \(\times\) 10^-2 C and 5 \(\times\) 10^-2 C respectively. If these are connected by a conducting wire, the final charge on the bigger sphere is

There is a current of 1.0 A in the circuit shown below. What is the resistance of P ?

A piece of copper and another of germanium are cooled from room temperature to 80 K. The resistance of ______.

An electric dipole is placed at an alignment angle of 30^o with an electric field of 2 x 10⁵ NC^-1. It experiences a torque equal to 8 N m. The charge on the dipole if the dipole length is 1 cm is

Two metallic spheres of radii 1 cm and 3 cm are given charges of -1 \(\times\) 10^-2 C and 5 \(\times\) 10^-2 C respectively. If these are connected by a conducting wire, the final charge on the bigger sphere is

_______ and Coulomb's law form fundamental principles of electrostatics

The electric potential V as a function of distance x (metres) is given by V = ( 5x² + 10x -9) volt. The value of electric field at a point x = 1m is __________

At Infinity (i.e r = ∞), the electrostatic potential (V) is

An electric field \(\vec { E } =10x\hat { i } \) exists in a certain region of space. Then the potential difference V = V_o – V_A, where V_o is the potential at the origin and V_A is the potential at x = 2 m is _____.

A wire of resistance 2 ohms per meter is bent to form a circle of radius 1m. The equivalent resistance between its two diametrically opposite points, A and B as shown in the figure is
 

A piece of copper and another of germanium are cooled from room temperature to 80 K. The resistance of ______.

A particle having mass m and charge q accelerated through a potential difference V. Find the force experienced when it is kept under perpendicular magnetic field \(\vec { B } \).

The BH curve for a ferromagnetic material is shown in the figure. The material is placed inside a long solenoid which contains 1000 turns/cm. The current that should be passed in the solenoid to demagnetize the ferromagnet completely is _____.

Define potential difference and derive.

Derive an expression for electric flus in a non uniform electric field and an arbitrarily shaped area.

What is dielectrics or insulators.

(a) Distinguish between electric cells and batteries.
(b) Explain its function.

Find the expression for the equivalent emf & internal resistance of the series combination of cells.

When does a dielectric said to be polarized?

What is the electric flux through a cube of side 1 cm which encloses on electric dipole?

What orientation of an electric dipole in a uniform electric field corresponds to its
(i) stable and
(ii) unstable equilibrium? Depict the orientations.

Two isolated metal spheres A & B have radii R & 2R respectively and same charge q. Find which of the two spheres have greater energy density just outside the surface of the sphere.

The electric field due to a point charge depends on the distance r as parallely indicate how each of the following quantities depends on r?
a) Intensity of light from a point source.
b) Electrical potential due to a point charge.
c) Electrical potential at a distance r from to centre of a charged metallic sphere .Given : r < radius of the sphere.