Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) to (v) given below:
The Kakapo is the world's largest and heaviest parrot, found only in New Zealand. It is unusual in that it is nocturnal, flightless and ground-dwelling. It is an excellent climber of trees, has strong legs that allow it to "jog" several kilometres in a single trip, and has mossy green plumage mottled with brown and yellow. The Kakapo is also critically endangered as of now, there were only few known living individuals left.
(i) Which could be the possible reason for Kakapo to be well-adapted to its environment prior to the arrival of humans in New Zealand?

(ii) When humans started to settle in New Zealand, they took with them non-native animals, including mammals such as cats, dogs and stoats. By which of the following ways, human settlement likely contributed to a near decimation of Kakapo populations in New Zealand?

(iii) All known survived Kakapo have been relocated by the New Zealand government to three predator-free islands, where they are monitored year round by staffs and volunteers to ensure that the birds are safe, healthy and well-fed. The extremely low population of Kakapo is a hurdle to the species becoming viable in the long term, despite such dedicated conservation efforts. This is because

(iv) The reasons behind conserving biodiversity have been grouped into which of the following categories?

(v) One of the ex situ conservation methods for endangered species is

Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) to (v) given below:
Edward Wilson described diversity at all levels of biological organisation ranging from macromolecules inside the cells to biomes. It is of three inter-related hierarchial levels-genetic diversity, species diversity and community ecosystem diversity. Species diversity is the variety in the number and richness of the species of a region. For example, the Western ghats have a greater amphibian species diversity than the Eastern ghats.
(i) The number of species per unit area is called

(ii) The table below gives the population (in thousands) of ten species (A - J) in four  areas (I - IV) consisting of the number of habitats given within brackets against each. Study the table and answer the question which follows:

Which are out of I to IV shows maximum species diversity?

(iii) Study the given populations and choose the correct answer in relation to species diversity.

Maximum diversity  Minimum diversity
(a) Population B      Population C
(b) Population A      Population C
(c) Population A      Population B
(d) Population B      Population A
(iv) The concept of species diversity has two components : evenness and richness. Evenness is based on the relative abundance of species. Richness is based on the total number of species present. Diversity indices combine a measure of richness and evenness. The Simpson index (D) is calculated from the following equations:
\(D=\sum_{i=1}\left(n_{i} / N\right)^{2}\)
where, n = total number of organisms of particular species
N = total number of organisms of all species
Below are data collected in two terrestrial plant communities that represent part of a successional
chronosequence. In this case the values were measured as percent cover.

The data indicate that, relative to the early successional community, the late successional community has which of the following characteristics?
Species Richness           Evenness
(a) Higher                        Higher
(b) Higher                        Lower
(c) Same                         Lower
(d) Same                         Higher
(v) Select the incorrect statement regarding species diversity.

Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) to (v) given below:
Non-native or alien species are often introduced in advertently for their economic and other uses. They often become invasive and drive away-the local species. Exotic species have proved harmful to both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. For example, water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) was introduced in Indian waters to reduce pollution. It was clogged water bodies including wetlands at many places resulting in death of several aquatic plants and animals.
(i) Island water ecosystem are the most vulnerable due to

(ii) Which of the following is not an alien species?

(iii) Second major cause of species extinction is

(iv) Assertion: Eichhornia crassipes drains off oxygen from water and can be seen growing in standing water.
Reason: Eichhornia crassipes is an indigenous species of India.

(v) The population of species P in a certain community was constant until a population species Q from a distant land was subsequently introduced into that community. The interaction between the two populations is reflected in the graph below.

What could be the possible reason for the decrease in the population of species P over a number of days?

Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) to (v) given below:
Wetlands are called Ramsar sites because the first international convention on their conservation was held in Ramsar in Iran in 1971. Wetlands or Ramsar sites are low lying marshy areas which get filled up during rains due to runoff and overflow from other water bodies. They are often considered to be waste lands which are used as dumping area  and filled up to recover land for various constructions activities. As a result, a large number of wetlands have disappeared.
(i) Select the incorrect match of wetland and its location.

(ii) Migratory bird flamingo breeds in which of the following wetlands?

(iii) Which of the following is not an importance of wetlands?

(iv) Which of the following wetland ecosystem is highly acidic and has a accumulation of decomposed plants known as peat?

(v) The mangroves of Bhitarkanika are famous for

Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) to (v) given below :
Excessive exploitation of species, whether a plant or animal reduces the size of its population so it becomes vulnerable to extinction. Such as Dodo and passenger pigeon have become extinct due to over exploitation by humans. Thus the world is facing accelerated rates of species extinctions, largely due to human interference.
(i) Which of the following cause of biodiversity loss is not included in evil quartet?

(ii) Identify the species that have become extinct due to over exploitation

(iii) Factors which make species susceptible to extinction are

(iv) Assertion: Pollution reduces species biodiversity.
Reason: Spillover of oil in sea causes death of several marine animals.

(v) __________ is the first major cause of species extinction.