There were many changes in the kind of work available to woman in London between the 19^th and the 20^th century. During 19^th century, the changes were:
(i) Woman were employed in large numbers because they were paid low wages.
(ii) Some of them began to work as maid servants .
(iii) Some used their homes to increase family income.
During 20^th century, the change were :
(i) Woman got employment in war time industries and offices.

The well-off Londoners supported the need to build housing for the poor in the 19^th century because of the following reasons:
(i) Many people occupied in a single room were over crowded, badly ventilated and lacked sanitation.
(ii) There were worries about hazards created by poor housing.
(ii) There was a widespread fear of social disorder.

The well-off Londoners supported the need to build housing for the poor in the 19^th century because of the following reasons:
(i) Many people occupied in a single room were over crowded , badly ventilated and lacked sanitation.
(ii) There were worries about hazards created by poor housing.
(ii) There was a widespread fear of social disorder.

The following factors led to the major expansion of Bombay's population in the mid 19^th century: -
(i) After the defeat in Maratha war Bombay became the capital city of Bombay presidency in 1819. So many people began to settle in Bombay.
(ii) The growth of trade in cotton led many traders, bankers, shopkeepers to settle in Bombay.
(iii) The 1^st cotton mill was established in Bombay in 1854 and by 1921 there were 85 mills which made 146,000 workers to stay in Bombay.
(iv) Bombay dominated the maritime trade of India and so a large number of people came to work at seaport.
(v) Bombay was at the junction of two major railways which encouraged people to migrate into the city.
(vi) Famine in Kutch attracted many people to Bombay.
(vii) Bombay was the film of city due to which many people were attracted to work in films and settle in Bombay.

(i) Women as workers: Factories employed large number of women in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. With technological developments, women gradually lost their industrial jobs and were forced to work within household. The 1861 census recorded a quarter of million domestic servants in London, of whom the vast majority were women, many of them recent migrants. A large number of women used their homes to increase family income by raking in lodgers or through such activities as tailoring, washing or matchbox making. However, there was a change once again in the twentieth century. As women got employment in wartime industries and offices, they withdrew from domestic service.
(ii) Women and conservatives: Men and women did no have equal access to this new urban space. As women lost their industrial jobs and conservative people railed gainst their presence in public spaces, women were forced to withdraw into their homes. The public space became increasingly a male preserve and the domestic sphere was seen as the proper place for women.
(iii) Women and political movements: Most political movements of the nineteenth century, such as Chartism (a movement demanding the vote for all adult males and the 10-hour movement limiting hours of work in factories), mobilised large number of men. Only gradually did women come to participate in political movements for suffrage that demanded the right to vote for women or fore married women's rights to property (from the 1870s) ,
(iv) Women and ware time: The two-world wars of the 20th century once again transformed the life of women. They were employed in large numbers to meet war demands.

(i) Women as workers: Factories employed large number of women in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. With technological developments, women gradually lost their industrial jobs and were forced to work within household. The 1861 census recorded a quarter of million domestic servants in London, of whom the vast majority were women, many of them recent migrants. A large number of women used their homes to increase family income by raking in lodgers or through such activities as tailoring, washing or matchbox making. However, there was a change once again in the twentieth century. As women got employment in wartime industries and offices, they withdrew from domestic service.
(ii) Women and conservatives: Men and women did not have equal access to this new urban space. As women lost their industrial jobs and conservative people railed against their presence in public spaces, women were forced to withdraw into their homes. The public space became increasingly a male preserve and the domestic sphere was seen as the proper place for women.
(iii) Women and political movements: Most political movements of the nineteenth century, such as Chartism (a movement demanding the vote for all adult males and the 10-hour movement limiting hours of work in factories), mobilised large number of men. Only gradually did women come to participate in political movements for suffrage that demanded the right to vote for women or fore married women's rights to property (from the 1870s) ,
(iv) Women and ware time: The two- world wars of the 20th century once again transformed the life of women. They were employed in large numbers to meet war demands.

(i) The early industrial cities of Britain such as Leads and Manchester attracted large number of migrants to the textile mills set up in the late eighteenth century. In 1851, more than three-quarter of the adults living in Manchester were migrants from rural areas.
(ii) London's doming and footwear, wood and furniture, metals and engineering, priming and stationery, etc. attracted large number or skilled as well as unskilled workers
(iii) The first cotton textile mill in Bombay was established in 1854. By 1921, there were 85 cotton mills with about 1,46,000 workers. Only about one-fourth of Bombay's inhabitants between 1851 and 1931 were born in Bombay the rest came from outside. Large numbers flowed in from the nearby district of Ratnagiri to work in the Bombay mills.

(i) The poor and filthy living conditions of one room houses which posed a serious threat to public health.
(ii) There was danger of fire hazards.
(iii) There was a fear of social disorder or rebellion by the workers, especially after the Russian Revolution in 1917. In order to prevent the London poor from turning rebellious worker's mass housing scheme was introduced.

(i) The poor and filthy living conditions of one room houses which posed a serious threat to public health.
(ii) There was danger of fire hazards.
(iii) There was a fear of social disorder or rebellion by the workers, especially after the Russian Revolution in 1917. In order to prevent the London poor from turning rebellious worker's mass housing scheme was introduced.

(i) The poor and filthy living conditions of one room houses which posed a serious threat to public health.
(ii) There was danger of fire hazards.
(iii) There was a fear of social disorder or rebellion by the workers, especially after the Russian Revolution in 1917. In order to prevent the London poor from turning rebellious worker's mass housing scheme was introduced.

(i) Employment in Factories: In the 18^th and the 19^th centuries, a large number of women were employed in the factories because during that period, most of the production activities were carried with the help of the family.
(ii) Technological Developments and loss of jobs: But with the technological advancement, woman gradually lost their industrial jobs and were forced to do household work. They also tried to increase the family income by activities like tailoring, washing or matchbox making.
(iii) Employment during War: However, in the 20^th century, women again started getting employed in wartime industries and offices because most of the male citizens were fighting at the front.

(i) Individualism is a theory which promotes the liberty, rights or independent action of the individual, rather than of the community.
(ii) This is a freedom from the collective values that were a feature of small rural communities.
(iii) Ties between members of household loosened, and among the working class the institution of marriage tended to break down.

(i) In the seventeenth century, Bombay(Mumbai) was a group of seven islands under the Portuguese control. In 1661 the control of the islands passed into the British hands after the marriage of Britain's King Charles II the Portuguese princess.
(ii) (a) It was an overcrowded city where a person hold only about 9.5 square yard of space, whereas it was around 155 square yard per person in London.
(b) The city did not grow according to a plan, whereas London grew according to a plan.