India has four major shipyards. Hindustan shipyard in Vishakhapatnam, Garden Reach: workshop in Kolkata, Mazagaon Dock in Mumbai, Kochi Shipyard in Kochi. India is the second largest ship owning country in Asia and ranks 16th in the World.

The following are the five leading states which account for 78% of the total progress under Micro Irrigation scheme
(i) Andhra Pradesh
(ii) Karnataka
(iii) Gujarat
(iv) Maharashtra
(v) Tamil Nadu

It is used for manufacturing of gunny bags, carpets, hessian, ropes and strings rugs, clothes, tarpaulins, upholstery, etc.

'Magna Carta' is the Charter of Rights issued by King John of England in 1215 under pressure from the barons. This is the first written document relating to the Fundamental Rights of citizens.

The word 'Citizen' is derived from the Latin term 'Civis' It means resident of a City State.

(i) These are the eastern off-shoot of Himalayas. It extended in the north-eastern states of India. Most of these hills are located along the border of India and Myanmar while others are inside India.
(ii) Dafla Hills, Abor Hills, Mishmi Hills, Patkai Bum Hills, Naga Hills, Manipur Hills, Mizo Hills, Tripura Hills, Mikir Hills, Garo Hills, and Khasi Hills are the hills which are collectively known as purvanchal hills.

India extends from 8° 04' N to 37° 06' N latitudes and between 68° 07' E to 97° 25' E longitudes.

(i) The school curricula shut out English education and western culture.
(ii) The instruction imparted was in original Islamic religion and the aim was moral and religious regeneration of the Muslim community.
(iii) The Deoband School did not prepare its students for government jobs but for the preaching of Islamic faith.

(i) Theosophical Society stimulated a study of the Hindu classics, especially the Upanishads and the Bhagavad Gita.
(ii) The Theosophical Society also played an important role in the revival of Buddhism in India.
(iii) Western interest in Hindu scriptures gave educated Hindus great pride in their tradition and culture.

(i) Arya Samaj attempted to check the incidence of religious conversion in British India.
(ii) One of its main objectives was counter conversion, prescribing a purificatory ceremony called suddhi, directed at Hindus who had converted to Islam and Christianity.

The Brahmo Samaj, the Prarthana Samaj, and the Aligarh Movement.

(i) After Castro took power, the US-owned oil refineries on the island refused to process Russian oil. Castro nationalized them.
(ii) The US retaliated by ending the arrangement by which it bought the bulk of Cuba's sugar.
(iii) Castro nationalized the US-owned sugar companies. And ended the US monopolies in electricity and telephones.
(iv) All these gravely threatened American economic interests.

(i) In December 1954, a conference of eight European nations namely, Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Poland, Romania, and Russia took place in Moscow.
(ii) They concluded the treaty on May 14, 1955. This is known as the Warsaw Pact.

Its founder members were Egypt, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, and Yemen.

(i) Britain depended on large scale imports of food, raw materials and industrial goods by sea from its Empire and the US.
(ii) To attack this, Germany developed a fleet of submarines which caused havoc, especially in the Atlantic Ocean area, by sinking a large number of civilian ships carrying supplies to Britain.

(i) Britain and France continued to be non- interventionist.
(ii) The mood in Britain was not in favor of starting another war.
(iii) Prime Ministers Baldwin and Chamberlain did not feel justified in intervening in a region which was not officially in their sphere of interest.
(iv) The United States was totally indifferent to the outside world and was concerned with the revival of the economy after the Great Depression.

The end of World War II signaled a change in the world order and political configurations among the major powers. In addition, an era of large-scale social and economic change across the world was ushered in.

(i) The African National Congress founded in 1912 fought the practice of racism.
(ii) Repression was let loose against the leader of the Congress.
(iii) The ANC was banned and its leader Nelson Mandela was put behind bars. Mounting pressure at the global level helped to end the racist regime in South Africa.
(iv) In 1990 the ban on ANC was lifted and Mandela was freed after 27 years.
(v) In the elections held subsequently, the Africans were allowed to vote and ANC won the election and Mandela became the first black president of South Africa.

(a) Battle of Tannenberg
(i) In 1914 Russian forces invaded East Prussia. Germany defeated them decisively. In the battle of Tannenberg Russia suffered heavy losses.
(ii) This caused distraction and helped to relieve the pressure on the western front. The French army made all efforts to drive away the invading Germans.
(b) Battle of Marne
(i) At the Battle of the Marne (early September 1914), the French succeeded in pushing back the Germans.
(ii) Paris was thus saved.
(iii) The battle of Marne is a memorable one for trench warfare.

Russia, France, Britain, Italy, the United States, Belgium, Serbia, Romania and Greece are the nine states that opposed the central powers.

After 1905 Japan took control of Korean domestic and foreign policy. The assassination of a prominent Japanese diplomat provided the excuse in 1910 for Japan's annexation of Korea.

The aim of capitalistic industry was to produce more and more. The surplus wealth thus produced was used to build more factories, railways, steamships or other such undertakings.

There are many clauses but the three main clauses are:
i) Germany was forced to give up territories to the west, north and east of the German border.
ii) Germany had to disarm and was allowed to retain only a very restricted armed force
iii)  As reparations for the war, Germany was expected to pay for the military and civilian cost of the war to the Allied nations.

1924

December 1916