Oxidation of one molecule of glucose molecule during cellular respiration generates 38 ATP molecules - ​​2 from glycolysis, 2 from Krebs cycle, and 34 from the electron transport system. Therefore, two glucose molecules can generate 76 ATP molecules.

Florigen is the hormone involved in photoperiodism.It's chemical nature is not yet established. It induces flowering in plants.

(i) Nitrosomonas
(ii) \({ 2NO }_{ 2 }^{ - }\)

Yes, DNA replication takes place during the synthetic stage of interphase in the cell cycle. It is totally independent of cell division. After G₂ -phase a cell may or may not enter into the M-phase.
There can be DNA replication without cell division. During cell division, the parent cell gets divided into two daughter cells. However, if there is a repeated replication of DNA without any cell division, then this DNA will keep accumulating inside the cell. This would increase the volume of the cell nucleus, thereby causing cell expansion. An example of DNA duplication without cell division is commonly observed in the salivary glands of Drosophila. The chromosome undergoing repeated DNA duplication is known as polytene chromosome.

'S' or Svedberg unit, refers to the sedimentation coefficient.

This epithelium  is made up of a single layer of columnar cells but it appears as two layered . Hence it is named pseudo stratified epithelium

Fascicular combium and phellogen ( cork cambium).

(ii) Polyandrrous
(iii)Monocarpellary
(v) Actinomorphic
(vii) Bicarpellary
(xi) Tricarpellary

Interstitial cells are reserve cells in coelenterates.They are also called as totipotent cells and can be converted into any type of cells or into a full of organism.

HIV has two single RNA strands in its nucleoid. Reverse transcriptase enzyme catalyses the formation of DNA from RNA. It is found in some RNA viruses called retroviruses, e.g., HIV

Living organisms are classified because
(i) there are millions of organisms on the earth, which need a proper system of classification for their easy identification and methodical studies.
(ii) A number of new organisms are discovered each year. They require a particular system to be identified and to find out their correct position in a group.

The sight, smell and/or presence of food in the oral cavity can stimulate the secretion of saliva. Gastric and intestinal secretions are also stimulated by similar neural signals. Muscular activities of alimentary canal is coordinated by both local and CNS neural mechanisms. Hormonal control of secretion of digestive enzymes is carried out by local hormones.

Meiosis happens during gametogenesis and as a result gametes have half the number of chromosomes. During fertilization, when gametes fuse together two different sets of chromosomes make a new set. This results in an offspring, who has distinct characters, compared to parents.

(i) The cause of Vijay's sickness is the change of altitude in which there is change in the physiology of the body.
(ii) Internal ear gets affected which control balancing of body
(iii) Eustachian tube maintains the air pressure in the ear.
(iv) The guide is a very sensible person and is caring too.

Water potential is the potential energy of water relative to pure free water (e.g., deionised water). It quantifies the tendency of water to move from one area to another due to osmosis, gravity, mechanical pressure or matrix effects including surface tension. Water potential is measured in units of pressure and is commonly represented by the Greek letter \(\Psi \)(psi). This concept has proved useful especially in understanding the water movement within plants, animals and soil.
Water potential of a cell is affected by both solute and pressure potential. The relationship between them is as follows 
\({ \Psi }_{ w }={ \Psi }_{ s }+{ \Psi }_{ p }\)

Euglena is a taxonomic puzzle since, it shows both plant and animal characters. Absence of cell wall is an animal feature and presence of chloroplast is a plant character of Euglena. It have mixotrophic nutrition. In the presence of sunlight it can photosynthesise its food and in the absence of sunlight, it behaves like a hetrerotroph by predating on other smaller organisms.

Phylum - Coelenterata (Cnidaria)

Habit and Habitat. They are aquatic, mostly marine, sessile or free-swimming, radially symmetrical animals. The name cnidaria is derived from the cnidoblasts or cnidocytes (which contain the stinging capsules or nematocytes) present on the tentacles and the body. Cnidoblasts are used for anchorage, defense and for the capture of prey.
Key Structural Features. Cnidarians exhibit tissue level of organisation and are diploblastic. They have a central gastro-vascular cavity with a single opening, hypostome. Digestion is extracellular and intracellular. Some of the cnidarians, e.g., corals have a skeleton composed of calcium carbonate.
Basic Body Forms. Cnidarians exhibit two basic body forms called polyp and medusa. Polyp is a sessile and cylindrical form like Hydra, Adamsia, etc. whereas,
medussa is umbrella-shaped and free-swimming like Aurelia or jelly fish. Those cnidarians which exist in both forms exhibit alternation of generation
(Metagenesis), i.e., polyps produce medusae asexually and medusae form the polyps sexually (e.g., Obelia).
Examples: Physalia (Portuguese man-of-war), Adamsia (Sea anemone), Pennatula (Sea-pen), Gorgonia (Sea-fan) and Meandrina (Brain coral).

Part (a): IRV vs ERV

Part (b): Inspiratory Capacity vs Expiratory Capacity

Part (c): Vital capacity vs Total lung capacity

Similarities between monkeys and man
i) Forelimbs are used for many purposes other than walking.
ii) Stereoscopic vision is well developed.
iii) Larger brain size compared to other mammals.
iv) Complex social life, involving interdependency among members.
v) Physical traits of male and female are remarkably different.
vi) The society can be patriarchal or matriarchal.
vii) Neonate takes longer time to develop leading to a longer lifespan.
viii) Presence of menstrual cycle in primates.
Differences between monkeys and man
i) Complete upright walking on hind limbs, which frees forelimbs for other usage.
ii) Ability to communicate using language.
iii) Thumbs can be brought opposite to other digits, enabling man to handle tools.
iv) More developed brain
Based on similarities it is evident that monkeys and human are closely related. On the other hand certain advanced properties of human indicate towards a more evolved species. It is clear that monkeys are primitive compared to humans but they are closely related. So it is often said that monkeys are the forefathers of human.

(i) Phylum:
Phylum comes next to Kingdom in the taxonomical hierarchy. All broad characteristics of an animal or plant are defined in a phylum. For example, all chordates have a notochord and gill at some stage of life cycle. Similarly, all arthopods have jointed legs made of chitin.
(ii) Class:
A class includes related orders. Class defines more detailed characters other than broad architecture. For example, all mammals have mammary glands to secrete milk, have hairy body. All birds or aves have pneumatic bones to assist in flying. The common character among them is the presence of notochord thereby making them members of the same phylum.
(iii) Family: 
(i) Family contains a group of related genera with less number of similarities as compared to genus and species.
(ii) All the genera of a family have some common or correlated features.
(iii) Let us take example of dog and fox. They are members of the same family
(iv) Order:
Order further zeroes down on characteristics and includes related genus. For example, humans and monkeys belong to the order Primates. Both humans and monkeys can use their hands to manipulate objects and can walk on their hind legs.
(v) Genus:
It comprises a group of related species which has more characters in common in comparison to species of other genera. We can say that genera are aggregates of closely related species. For example, potato, tomato and brinjal are three different species but all belong to the genus Solanum. Lion (Panthera leo), leopard (P. pardus) and tiger (P. tigris) with several common features, are all species of the genus Panthera. This genus differs from another genus Felis which includes cats.

RuBisCO has a much greater affinity for CO₂ than for O₂ under normal conditions.It is the relative concentration of O₂ and CO₂ that determines which of the two will bind to the enzyme.
In C₃-plants some O₂ does bind to RuBisCo and hence, CO₂ fixation is decreased.Here the RuBP instead of being converted to 2 molecules of PGA binds with O₂ to form one molecule and phosphoglycolate in a pathway called photorespiration.In the photorespiratory pathway, there is neither synthesis of sugars, nor of ATP, rather it results in the release of CO₂ with the utilization of ATP. In the photorespiratory pathway, there is no synthesis of ATP or NADPH. Therefore, photorespiration is a wasteful process.
In C,•plants, photorespiration does not occur. This is because they have a mechanism that increases the concentration of CO₂ at the enzyme site. This takes place when the C, acid frorn the mesophyll is brcoe down in the bundle cells to release CO₂this increasing the intracellular concentration ofCO₂ turn, thís ensures that the RuBisCO functions carboxylase minimising the oxygenase activity

(i) The solution marked as (1) will be hypertonic (more concentrated) due to which cell shrinks.
(ii) From C to D, figure is showing the process of deplasmolysis as shrinked cell has again regained its original shape.
(iii) In space marked as (2) hypotonic solution and water is present.
(iv) Turgor pressure will be zero in figure Band Cbecause cell is in a flaccid condition.
(v) Wall pressure will be positive in- figure A and D because in these figure cell wall is exerting equal and opposite pressure against the expanding protoplasm.

The function of polysaccharides are
(i) Starch and glycogen are the major storage food of organic world.
(ii) On hydrolysis, storage carbohydrates provide both energy and carbon chains.
(iii) Chitin is the structural carbohydrate of fungal walls and exoskeleton of arthropods. (insects).
(iv) Cellulose is the structural substance of cell walls in most of the plants.
(v) Cellulose is economically important in the production of furniture, shelter, fuel, paper, textiles, ropes, rayon, cellophane, plastics, etc.