(i) Pack Animals :
(1) Animals like horse, mule, donkey camel, and elephant etc., are used for carrying small loads in backward areas, hilly tracks, forest regions and deserts known as pack animals.
(2) Generally, the pack animals serve areas are inaccessible to modern means of transport.
(3) Animal transport has also played a significant role where there is no road and railway transport
(ii) Bullock Carts :
(1) It constitutes the predominant form of rural transport in India for goods traffic and to some extent for passengers traffic.
(2) It links up the villages with the nearby markets and railway stations. It carries the produce for sale to the market and consumer goods to the villages.
(iii) Motor lorries and Buses:
(1) From the dawn of civilization, people have been endeavoring to form roads and use wheeled vehicles to facilitate transport of men and materials.
(2) The credit of revolutionizing the road transport and introducing the elements of speed and greater carrying capacity into the system goes to motor Lorries and buses.
(3) Introduction of petrol engine and later diesel engine have been offering good competition to the railways.
(iv) Tramways:
(1) It made their appearance in the 19^th century as a form of transport suitable for big cities.
(2) Tramways were initially horse drawn later steam-powered and now electrically operated. Its carrying capacity is large.
(3) They are able to cope up with the peak hour traffic in big cities with the greater popularity of motor buses, tramways slowly declined. Madras city had tramways till 1933.
(v) Railways:
(1) The invention of steam engine by James Watt,revolutionized the mode of transport all over the world.
(2) Railway, as a mode of transport is the most organized transport undertaking all over the world.
(3) Railways are the cheapest and quickest means of transport for carrying heavy goods over long distance.

Advantages of Railway Transport :
(i) Railways are well suited for carrying heavy and bulky goods over long distances.
(ii) It can provide long distance travel throughout the day and night with unbroken services.
(iii) It can provide better production and safety to the goods than motor transport. The goods generally carried in closed wagons and are not exposed to sun, rain etc.
(iv) Though initial investment is large, in the long run the operating expenses will be very low in railways and it will prove a cheaper mode of transport.
(v) It requires less time than motor transport for carrying goods over long distance with greater speed.
(vi) It has regular schedule of timing and is available throughout the year.
(vii) It provides unaffected services whether rain or shine.
Disadvantages of Railway Transport :
(i) Railway rates are higher than motor transport for transporting light weight articles over short distance.
(ii) It is inflexible, as it tied to a particular track which cannot deviate from the set routes.
(iii) In rural areas, it cannot offer adequate traffic because of uneconomical operating cost.
(iv) It requires heavy investment for installation of tracks and maintenance.
(v) If railways are not fully utilized and if wagons and coaches are half empty to its capacity, a heavy financial burden will be cast on the railway.

(i) Metro Rail :
(1) Metro Rail is a Mass Rapid Transport System (MRTS). It is a convenient, fast, efficient, reliable, comfortable mode of urban transport.
(2) Rapid transit also known as heavy rail, metro, subway, tube or underground. It is a type of high capacity public transport generally found in urban areas.
(ii) Monorail :
(1) A monorail is like a train, but instead of having two sets of wheels that balances on railway track, the monorail is balanced on top of one rail.
(2) Monorails are often used to transport people around large cities. Some monorails utilize magnets to how ever on their rails, reducing friction between the train and the rail.
(iii) Bullet train :
(1) High-speed rail is a type of rail transport that operates significantly faster than traditional rail traffic, using an integrated system of specialized rolling stock and dedicated tracks.
(2) The first such system began operations in Japan in 1964 and was widely known as the bullet train.
(3) High-speed trains normally operate on standard gauge tracks of continuously welded rail.
(iv) Pipeline Transport:
(1) It is the mode of transportation of goods or materials through pipe. Liquids and gases are transported in pipelines.
(2) Pipeline exist for the transport of crude and refined petroleum, fuels such as Oil, Natural gas and Bio-fuel etc., and other fluids including sewage, slurry and water. It requires heavy investment to install.
(v) Conveyor Transport:
It is the broad category of transport mode that includes modes developed from the idea of a conveyor belt.
Examples: Include Conveyor belt, two or more Pulleys with a continuous loop of material that rotates about them. Escalator, moving staircase and for carrying people between floors of building.
(vi) Ropeway Transport:
(1) A Ropeway is another means of transport in naval lifting device. It can be operated in the place where road construction is impractical and costly.
(2) Certain limit of goods or people can be transported with the help of (naval lifting device) electricity. In the hilly remote areas ropeway system of transport may be suitable means of transport.
(vii) Hyper loop Transport:
(1) Hyper loop is a proposed system of transport that would see pods or containers travel at high level speed through a tube that has been pumped into a near vacuum.
(2) Hyper loop is a futuristic transport system. Tunnels for the Hyper loop would be built either above or below ground, at only around 3 meter in diameter, lacking up a smaller ground footprint than traditional rail or road.

(i) Inland Waterways comprise of rivers, canals and lakes. It is also known as internal water.
(ii) Rivers that are naturally navigable are called natural waterways. Canals and canalized rivers belong to the category of 'Artificial Waterways'.
(iii) Generally small boats and steamers ply on rivers to transport people and goods. If rivers are deep enough, large ships can also ply on them.
(iv) Canals are man-made waterways, constructed for the twin purposes of navigation and irrigation.
Advantages:
1. It is considered as the cheapest mode of transport among the other modes of transport.
2. It carries goods smoothly due to the absence of shaking and jolting during transit. It is eminently suitable for the carriage of fragile goods like glassware, earth ware etc., without causing damage.
3. It is most suitable for heavy loads.
4. There lesser pollution in water transport. 
5. Initial investment on river services as well as expenditure on their maintenance is much lesser as compared to road and rail transport.
Disadvantages : 
1. It is the slowest means of transport. As compared to this, railways are quicker, safer and cheaper means of transport.
2. Floods caused during rainy season, lack of flow of water during summer season affect to ply boats and steamers.
3. Sometimes rivers also change their way. It leads to stoppage and uncertainty in usage of this means of transport.

(i) Ocean transport has been playing a significant role in development of economic, social and cultural relations among countries of the world. International trade owes its growth to ocean transport.
(ii) Ocean transport enjoys a pride of place in aiding international trade. Cheapness is its great virtue. In the transportation of lowgrade, bulky goods among the countries, ocean transport role is commendable.
Types of Ocean Transport:
Ocean Transport may be divided into two categories
(i) Coastal Shipping
(ii) Overseas Shipping
(i) Coastal shipping:
(1) Coastal shipping constitutes an important means of transport in all countries having a long coastline. It is a cheap means of transport for the movement of bulky cargoes like coal, iron ore etc. to domestic ports of country.
(2) Usually, coastal shipping trade of a country is reserved for national shipping. In India, Coastal shipping trade is now exclusively reserved for Indian ships.
(ii) Overseas shipping:
(1) It means the passengers and goods have to cross ocean.
(2) Overseas shipping has an important role in India's International trade. Ocean going ships may further classified as follows:
Liners and Tramps