What is the rol of HNO₃ in the nitrating mixture used for nitration of benzene?

What is glycogen ? How is it different from starch?

When liquid 'A' is treated with a freshly prepared ammoniacal silver nitrate solution, it gives bright silver mirror.  The liquid forms a white crystalline the solid on treatment with sodium hydrogensulphite.  Liquid 'B' also forms a white crystalline solid with sodium hydrogensulphite but it does not give test with ammoniacal silver nature.  Which of the two liquids is aldehyde?  Write the chemical equations of these reactions also.

Give the IUPAC names of the following compounds:
(i) Ph CH₂CH₂COOH
(ii) (CH₃)₂C=CHCOOH
(iii) 

(iv)

How will you convert 4-nitrotoluene to 2-bromobenzoic acid?

Label the glucose and fructose units in the following disaccharide and identify anomeric carbons atoms in these units. Is the sugar reducing in nature? Explain.

Write the major products:

Account for the following.
(i) Cl-CH₂COOH is a stronger acid than CH₃COOH.
(ii) Carboxylic acids do not give reactions of carbonyl group.

Write the IUPAC names of the following ketones and aldehydes. Wherever possible, give their common names.
(i) \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CO}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{4} \mathrm{CH}_{3}\) 
(ii) \( \mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CHBrCH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right) \mathrm{CHO}\) 
(iii) \( \mathrm{CH}_{3}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{5} \mathrm{CHO}\) 
(iv) \( \mathrm{Ph}-\mathrm{CH}=\mathrm{CH}-\mathrm{CHO}\)

(vi) PhCOPh 

Define the following as related to proteins.
(i) Peptide linkage
(ii) Primary structure
(iii) Denaturation.

Describe a method for the identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines. Also write chemical equations of the reactions involved.

Give one chemical test each to distinguish between the compounds in the following pairs:
(i) Methyleamine and dimethylamine
(ii) Aniline and benzylamine
(iii) Ethylamine and aniline

Which of the following is a polysaccharide?

Which of the following carboxylic acid can undergo decarboxylation easily?

Which of the following statements about primary amines is 'False' ?

Reaction of cyclohexanone with dimethylamine in the presence of catalytic amount of an acid forms a compound if water during the reaction is continuously removed. The compound formed is generally known as

The number of tripeptides formed by three different amino acids are

DNA and RNA contain four bases each. which of the following bases is not present in RNA ?

Butan-2-one can be converted to propionic acid by which of the following :

In the following reaction, X is \(X\overset { Bromination }{ \longrightarrow } Y\overset { NaNO_{ 2 }\quad /HCI }{ \longrightarrow } Z\overset { Boiling }{ \underset { { C }_{ 2 }{ H }_{ 5 }OH }{ \longrightarrow } } Tribromobenzene\)

Which is most acidic?

Three types of RNA are _____________

Denaturation involves conversion of ........... proteins to ....... proteins

Ethanamine reacts with benzenesulphonyl chloride to form.........................which deissolves in.................. .

Aniline on treatment with bromine water gives................................ .

Vinegar is a dilute solution of --------

Hell-Volhard Zelinsky reaction involves the replacement of an -------- atom from the alkyl group of a monocarboxylic acid by a ------ atom

(a) Write the structure of the main products when benzene diazonium chloride reacts with the following reagents.
(i) Kl
(ii) CH₃CH₂OH
(iii) Cu/HCl
(b) Arrange the following in the increasing order of their basic character in aqueous solution: CH₃NH₂ , (CH₃ )₂NH, (CH₃ )₃N
(c) Give a simple test to distinguish between the following pair of compounds:
C₆H₅NH₂ and CH₃NH₂.

(a) Write the products of the following reactions:



(b) Which acid of each pair shown here would you expect to be stronger?

The K_a and K_b values of \(\alpha\) - amino acids are very low. Explain.

Glucose is an aldohexose. It can occur freely as well as in combined form in the nature. It is present in sweet fruits and honey. It is also present in quantities in ripe grapes. As glucose is an aldohexose, it consists of six C-atoms and an aldehyde group. It is the most abundant organic compound on the earth and used as an immediate source of energy for all metabolic reactions in the animals.
It was found that glucose forms a six membered ring in which -OH at C-5 is involved in the ring formation.The cyclic six membered structure of glucose is known as pyranose structure. It is analogous to pyran which is a cyclic organic compound with one oxygen atom and five carbon atoms in the ring.
Write the structure of open-chain glucose.

Glucose is an aldohexose. It can occur freely as well as in combined form in the nature. It is present in sweet fruits and honey. It is also present in quantities in ripe grapes. As glucose is an aldohexose, it consists of six C-atoms and an aldehyde group. It is the most abundant organic compound on the earth and used as an immediate source of energy for all metabolic reactions in the animals.
It was found that glucose forms a six membered ring in which -OH at C-5 is involved in the ring formation. The cyclic six membered structure of glucose is known as pyranose structure. It is analogous to pyran which is a cyclic organic compound with one oxygen atom and five carbon atoms in the ring.
What happens when glucose is treated with HI?

Amines are very reactive due to the difference in electro negativity between nitrogen and hydrogen atoms and due to the presence of unshared pair of electrons over N-atom. The number of hydrogen atoms attached to the N -atorn decides the course of reactions of amine, that is why amines differ in many reactions. In aromatic amines like aniline, electron density at ortho and para-positions with respect to -NH₂ group is high. Therefore, this group is ortho or para directing and a powerful activating group.
Aromatic amines are weaker bases than ammonia. Give reasons?

Carboxylic acids evolve hydrogen with metals and form salts with alkalies similar to phenols. However, unlike phenols, they react with weaker bases like sodium carbonate and hydrogen carbonate to evolve carbon dioxide. In aqueous solution, carboxylic acids ionise and exist in dynamic equilibrium between the resonance stabilised carboxylate ions and the hydronium ions.

Resonance stabilisation of carboxylate anion is more than that of undissociated carboxylic acid. Therefore, greater stability of carboxylate ion is responsible for the acidic character of carboxylic acids. Carboxylic acids are more acidic than alcohols because carboxylate anions are more stable than alkoxide ions, so carboxylic acids have strong tendency to release a proton.
Give reason, why monochloro ethanoic acid has a higher pK_a than dichloroethanoic acid?

Aldehydes and ketones containing atleast one \(\alpha\)- H atom undergo a reaction in the presence of dilute alkali as catalyst to form \(\beta\)-hydroxy ketones. \(\beta\)- hydroxy aldehydes are called aldols while \(\beta\)-hydroxy ketones are collectively called ketols. When two different aldehydes or ketones combine then mixture of four products are formed. This reaction is called cross-aldol condensation.
Write the products formed in the following reaction.

Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
Carboxylic acids having an a-hydrogen atom when treated with chlorine or bromine in the presence of small amount of red phosphorus gives a-halo carboxylic acids. The reaction is known as Hell- Volhard-Zelinsky reaction.

When sodium salt of carboxylic acid is heated with soda lime it loses carbon dioxide and gives hydrocarbon with less number of C-atoms.

In these questions (i - iv), a statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
(b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
(d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
(i) Assertion: (CH₃)₃CCOOH does not give H.V.Z reaction.
Reason: (CH₃)₃CCOOH does not have \(\alpha\)-hydrogen atom.
(ii) Assertion: H.V.Z. reaction involves the treatment of carboxylic acids having \(\alpha\)-hydrogens with Cl₂ or Br₂ in presence of small amount of redphosphorus.
Reason : Phosphorus reacts with halogens to form phosphorus trihalides.
(iii) Assertion: C₆H₅COCH₂COOH undergoes decarboxylation easily than C₆H₅COCOOH.
Reason : C₆H₅COCH₂COOH is a 13-ketoacid.
(iv) Assertion: On heating 3-methylbutanoic acid with soda lime, isobutane is obtained.
Reason: Soda lime is a mixture of NaOH + CaO in the ratio 3 : 1.