Output
Hii
Hello
Namaste 

Docstrings are different from comments because docstrings are stored as documentation of the corresponding module or function or class and can be displayed using helpt) function with name of the corresponding module/ function/class as parameter e.g. help (math), help(math.pow) etc. This is not true with comments.

(i) and (ii) are void function
(iii) and (iv) are non-void functions

You can use the lambda keyword to create small anonymous functions. These functions are called anonymous because they are not declared in the standard manner by using the def keyword, lambda functions haye their own local namespace and cannot access variables other than those in their parameter list and those in the global namespace.

Variables that are defined inside a function body have a local scope, and those defined outside have a global scope.
This means that local variables can be accessed only inside the function in which they are declared whereas global variables can be accessed throughout the. program body by all functions. When you call a function, the variables declared inside it are brought into scope.

A docstring is just a regular python triple- quoted string that is the first thing in a function body or a module or a class. When executing a function body the docstring does not do anything like comments, but Python stores it as part of the function documentation. This documentation can later be displayed using helpt) function. So even though docstrings appear like comments but these are different from comments.

The globals( ) and locals( ) functions can be used to return the names in the global and local namespaces depending on the location from where they are called. If Iocals() is called from within a function, it will return all the names that can be accessed locally from that function. If globals() is called from within a function, it will return all the names that can be accessed globally from that function. The return type of both these functions is dictionary. Therefore, names can be extracted using the keys() function.

The output will show an error at line 5 as: NameError: name In'is not defined

def area_circle ():
import math
diameter= float (raw_input ("Enter the diameter in Inches))
radius = diameter/2
area_circle_inches = (math.pi) * (radius * * 2)
print ("The area of circle",area_circle_ inches,"sq inch")
return (area_circle_inches)

Here, function name contains spaces. But function name should be a valid Python identifier with no spaces in between. And here, no variable is defined to obtain value being input. Lines 4 and 6 are badly indented; being part of same function, those should be at the same indentation level as that of lines 2, 3, 5 and 7. And also, variable favourite-game is an invalid identifier as it contains a hyphen, but it should have been an underscore.

The output would be: 1.0
random.random( ) would generate a number in the range (0.0, 1.0) but math.ceil ( ) will return ceiling number for this range, which is 1.0 for all the numbers in this range.
Thus the output produced will always be 1.0.

The function's header has colon missing at the end.
So add colon (:) at end of header line.
Thus, the correct code is
def minus (total, decrement) :
output = total- decrement
return output

All variables in a program may not be accessible at all locations in that program. This depends on where you have declared a variable.
The scope of a variable determines the portion of the program where you can access a particularidentifier. There are two basic scopes of variables in Python:
(1) Global variables
(2) Local variables

math module is used for mathematics related functions and random module implements pseudo-random number generators for various distributions.

Python's built in function help ( ) is very useful. When it is provided with a program-name or a module-name or a function-name as an argument, it displays the documentation of the argument as help. It also displays the docstrings within its passed-argument's definition.
For example:
help (math)
will display the documentation related to module math.

The predefined functions that are always available for use are known as python's built-in functions.
For example:
len(), type (), int (), raw_input () etc.

A 'module' is a chunk of python code that exists in its own (.py) file and is intended to be used by python code outside itself. Modules allow one to bundle together code in a form in which it can easily be used later.
The modules can be 'imported' in other programs so the function and other definitions in imported modules becomes available to code that imports them.

Return x raised to the power y. In particular, pow(1.0, x) and pow(x, 0.0)always return 1.0,even when x is a zero or a NaN. If both x and y are finite, x is negative, and y is not an integer then pow(x, y) is undefined, and raises ValueError.

hello ()
world ()

It gets the length of the string that you pass to it then returns it as a number.

You can define functions to provide the required functionality. Here are simple rules to define a function in Python:
(1) Function blocks begin with the keyword def followed by the function name and parentheses ().
(2) Any input parameters or arguments should be placed within these  parentheses. You can also define parameters inside these parentheses.
(3) The first statement of a function can be an optional statement, the documentation string of the function or docstring.
(4) The code block within every function starts with a colon (:) and is indented.
(5) The statement return [expression] exits a function, optionally passing back an expression to the caller. A return statement with no arguments is the same as return None.

a = 5
b=9
def swap(c,d):
return d,c
swap(a,b)

def calcsquareDigits(num):
sum = ((num% 100)**2)+ (int((num/l00))**2)
print ("sum of squares of first two and last two digits is",sum)
return

def mindigit (numl, num2):
if (numl) < (num2)::
return num1
else:
return num2

def nthRoot(x, n=2):
res=x**(l/n)
return res

def checkstring (str1, str2):
if len (str1) = =len(str2):
return (True)
else:
return (False)

def calcCube(num = 2):
cube = num **3
print ("Cube of", num, "is", cube)
return

def volBox(len=1, wid=1, hei=1):
volume =len *wid*hei
return(volume)

1
None
1
(b) num=1
def myfunc():
num=10
returnnum
print (num)
print (myfunc())
print (num)
1
10
1
(c) num=1
def myfunc():
globalnum
num=10
returnnum
print (num)
print (myfunc())
print (num)
1
10
10
d) a=10
y=5
def myfunc():
y=a
a=2
print ry="y,"a=",a)
print ("a+y=", a+y)
return a+y
print ("y=", y,"a=",a)
print (myfunc())
print ("y=", y, "a=",a)
Ans. Local variable name 'a' not defined.
e) def multiply (num1, num2):
ans=num1 *num2
print(num1, "times", num2, =", ans)
return(ans)
output=multiply (5,5)
Ans. 5 times 5 = 25
f) def first (s,i):
return s * second (i)
def second (n):
return n+3
print (first('*',2))
Ans. ***** 2
g) def add (a,b):
return a+b
def mul (a,b=5):
return a*b
def square (x):
return mul (x,x)
print (add (4, square(mul(2))))
print (add (4,square(square(2))))
print (4, squaretsquare(2)))
104
20
416
h) def execute (x,y = 200):
temp = x+y
print (temp, x,y)
a,b =50,20
execute (b)
execute (a,b)
execute (b,a)
Ans. 220 20 200
70 50 20
70 20 50
i) def execute (x,y= 200,z= [23,]):
temp=x+y+z[o]
print (temp, x, y)
a,b =50,20
c=[10,]
execute (b)
execute (y=a,x=b)
execute (x=b, 2= [a,],y=a)
Ans. 243 20 200
93 20 50
120 20 50

It will print nothing as before reaching the print statement, the program control encounters the return statement.

total=0
def sum (argl, arg2):
total=argl +arg2
print("Total:", total)
return total
sum (10,20)
print("Total:", total)

(a) This code will produce an error as in line 2 there is no value of a available to be used in RHS of the assignment statement.
(b)1.

Whenever a name reference is encountered in a program, Python follows name resolution rule or LEGBrule. For every variable Python
(i) Check within its Local environment (legb), and uses it if available. Otherwise it moves to Enclosing environment.
(ii) Then checks the Enclosing environment (legb) and uses it.if available. Otherwise it moves to Global environment.
(iii) Now it checks the Global environment (legb) and uses the variable if available otherwise it moves to Built-in Environment.
(iv) At last it checks the Built-in environment (legb) and uses the variable otherwise it  reports the following error:
name < variable = not defined.

(i) Valid as the arguments are used as keywords and rest are default arguments
(ii) Invalid as required argument p is not specified.
(iii) Invalid as two values for' p' are specified. One is positional and other is named.

A parameter having default value in the function header is known as a default parameter. A parameter can be specified as default only if all the parameters on its right are specified as default. To specify a default parameters syntax is
def < function header > (argl, arg2---arg x = < value >):
arg x will now be a default parameter with default value as the value specified.

Indentation is necessary for Python. It specifies a block of code. All code within loops, classes, functions, etc is specified within an indented block. It is usually done using four space characters. If your code is not indented necessarily, it will not execute accurately and will throw errors as well. 

 Positional arguments or Required arguments are those which must be provided for all parameters. The values of arguments are matched with parameters position wise.

When immutable type objects are given as arguments then their value can not be altered by the function (i.e. only value is passed to the function) but when mutable type objects are passed their reference is passed and hence the values can be altered.

In Python, a block is executed in an execution frame. It contains:
*internal information for debugging
*name of the function
*values passed to the function
*variables created within function
*information about the next instruction to be executed.

output:
This will print something.
Hello!
This happens because when we import a module its main program is executed so first the statement print ("This will print something") is executed and then print calculate greet is executed.

import math:When we use import math statement, a new namespace is setup with the same name as that of the module and all the code of the module is interpreted and executed here Now all the defined functions and variables of the module are available to the program.
from math import:When we use from math import" statement no new namespace is created. All the functions and variables of the imported module are added to the namespace of the program. Now if there are two variables with same name, one in the program and other in the imported module then the variable of imported module is hidden by the program variable.

# Program to calculate area of a triangle
import math
def artriangle (a.b,c):
"""This will use Heron's formula."?"
s=(a+b+c)/2
area=math.sqrt (s"(s-a)"(s-b)*(s-c))
return area
Fside=float (raw_input ("Enter first side:"))
Sside=fl.oat(raw_input("Entersecondside:"))
Tside=float(raw_input("EnterThirdside:"))
print ("Area of the triangle with sides", Fside, Sside,Tside, "is:",artriangle (Fside,Sside, Tside)

i) 2-y * (math.exp(2*y))+4*y
ii) math.fabs(exp(x)-x**2-x)

# Number system converter
import math
num=int (inputf''Enter a number:")
printt''Number entered = ", num) ,
octnum = oct(num)
hexnum= hex(num)
uninum= unicode(num)
asciinum= str(nurn)
print ("Octal equivalent", octnum)
print ("Hexadecimal equivalent" , hexnum)
print ("Unicode of number:", uninum)
print ("ASCIIcode of number:", asciinum)

Built-in functions are predefined functions that are already defined in Python and can be used anytime e.g. len(), type(), int() etc. Functions defined in modules are predefined in modules and can be used only when the corresponding moduleis imported
e.g. to use predefined function sqrt() the math module needs to be imported as import math.

Built in functions are predefined functions that are already defined in Python and can be used anytime. e.g. len(), typet), int(), etc. User defined functions are defined by the programmer.

1. It reduces complexity of the program.
2. It creates well-defined boundaries within the program.
3. It increases the reusability of the module.

import math.
def generatesq (n):
for i in range (100, n):
yield (math. sqrt (i))

It is easier to use since we need not to remember the order of the arguments.
We can specify the values for only those parameters which we want, and others will have default values.

If there is a function with many parameters and we want to specify only some of them in function call, then value for such parameters can be provided by using their names instead of the positions. These an; called keyword arguments.
(e.g.) def simpleinterest(p, n=2, r=0.6):
def simpleinterest(p, r=0.2, n=3):

 Python allows function arguments to have default values; if the function is called without the argument, the argument gets its default value.

1. using import
  Syntax:
  import < modulename1 >[,,  < modulename2>,....
Example:
import math, cmath
2. using from
Syntax:
from < module name > import < function1 >[, <  function2  >,...... < functionn > ]

Example:
from fib import fib, fib2

Option (i) and (iv) are possible
PICKER maxval = 3, minval = 0

A global variable is a variable that is accessible globally. A local variable is one that is only accessibleto the current scope, such as temporary variables used in a single function definition. A variable declared outside of the function or in global scope is known as global variable. This means, global variable can be accessed inside or outside of the function where as local variable can be used only inside the function. We can access by declaring variable as global A.

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