1) The MNA petition was discussed in the Parliament in March 1853. H.D. Seymour, Chairman of the Indian Reform Society, came to Madras in October 1853.
2) He visited places like Guntur, Cuddalore, Tiruchirappalli, Salem and Tirunelveli.
3) However, as the Charter Act of 1853 allowed British East India Company to continue its rule in India, the MNA organised an agitation for the transfer of British territories in India to the direct control of the Crown.
4) MNA sent its second petition to British Parliament, signed by fourteen thousand individuals, pleading the termination of Company rule in India.

1) The samitis were engaged in a range of activities such as physical and moral training of members, philanthropic work during the famines, epidemics, propagation of Swadeshi message during festivals, and organization of indigenous arbitration courts, and schools.
2) By its very nature boycott was passive action and its aim was to refuse to cooperate with the British administration.

1) The Swadeshi movement in Tamil Nadu came to national attention in 1906 when V.O.C Chidambaram mooted the idea of launching a swadeshi shipping venture in opposition to the monopoly of the British in navigation through the coast.
2) In 1906, V.O.C registered a joint stock company called The Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company (SSNC) with a capital of Rs 10 Lakh, divided into 40,000 shares of Rs. 25 each. Shares were open only to Indians, Ceylonese and other Asian nationals. V.O.C purchased two steamships, S.S. Gallia and S.S. Lawoe.
3) The initial response of the British administration was to ignore the Swadeshi company.
4) As patronage for Swadeshi Company increased, the European officials exhibited blatant bias and racial partiality against the Swadeshi steamship.

The demands of the Khilafat Movement were presented by Mohammad Ali to the diplomats in Paris in March 1920. They were:
1)  The Sultan of Turkey's position of Caliph should not be disturbed.,
2) The Muslim sacred places must be handed over to the Sultan and should be controlled by him.
3) The Sultan must be left with sufficient territory to enable him to defend the Islamic faith and
4) The Jazirat-ul-Arab (Arabia, Syria, Iraq, Palestine) must remain under his sovereignty

1) There was enormous pressure on Ambedkar to save Gandhi's life. Consultations, confabulations, meetings, prayers were held all over and ultimately after a meeting with Gandhi in the jail, the communal award was modified.
2) The new agreement, between Ambedkar and Gandhians, called the 'Poona Pact' was signed.
3) The Poona Pact took away separate electorates but guaranteed reserved seats for the untouchables.
4) The provision of reserved seats was incorporated in the constitutional changes which were made. It was also built into the Constitution of independent India.

1) A meeting between Gandhi and Ambedkar on this issue of separate electorates before they went to London to attend the Second Round Table Conference ended in failure.
2) There was an encounter between the two again in the RTC about the same issue. It ended in a deadlock and finally the issue was left to be arbitrated by the British Prime Minister Ramsay McDonald.
3) The British government announced in August 1932 what came to be known as the Communal Award. Ambedkar's demands for separate electorates with reserved seats were conceded.

1) Surya Sen's revolutionary group, the Indian Republican Army, was named after the Irish Republican Army.
2) They planned a rebellion to occupy Chittagong in a guerrilla-style operation. The Chittagong armouries were raided on the night of 18 April 1930.
3) Simultaneous attacks were launched on telegraph offices, the armoury and the police barracks to cut off all communication networks including the railways to isolate the region. It was aimed at challenging the colonial administration directly.
4) The revolutionaries hoisted the national flag and symbolically shouted slogans such as Bande Matram and Inquilab Zindabad.
5) The raids and the resistance continued for the next three years.

Centrally organized political parties exclusively for Muslims, had the following objectives:
1) To promote among the Muslims of India feelings of loyalty to the British Government, and remove any misconception that may arise as to the instruction of Government with regard to any of its measures.
2) To protect and advance the political rights and interests of Muslims of India, and to respectfully represent their needs and aspirations to the Government.
3) To prevent the rise among the Muslims of India of any feeling of hostility towards other communities without prejudice to the aforementioned objects of the League.

One great outcome of the efforts at unity, however, was an offer by the Conference of Muslims, which met at Delhi on March 20, 1927 to give up separate electorates if four proposals were-accepted.
1. The separation of Sind from Bombay
2. Reforms for the Frontier and Baluchistan
3. Representation by population in the Punjab and Bengal and
4. Thirty-three percent seats for the Muslims in the Central Legislature.

1) Subhas Chandra Bose was isolated within the Congress, as most leaders in the organisation's top refused cooperation with him.
2) Bose resigned and the AICC session at Calcutta elected Rajendra Prasad as president.
3) Bose founded the Forward Bloc to function within the Congress and was eventually removed from all positions in the organization in August 1939.

1) Patel had been negotiating with the Maharaja of Kashmir since 1946, Hari Singh was opposed to accession.
2) However, in a few months after independence - in October 1947 - marauders from Pakistan raided Kashmir and there was no way that Maharaja Hari Singh could resist this attack on his own. Before India went to his rescue the Instrument of Accession was signed by him at the instance of Patel.
3) Thus Kashmir too became an integral part of the Indian Union.

1) The challenges before free India included grappling with the consequences of partition, planning the economy and reforming the education system, making a Constitution that reflected the aspirations kindled by the freedom struggle, merger of the Princely states, and resolving the diversity on the basis of languages spoken by the people with the needs of a nation-state.
2) Further, a foreign policy that was in tune with the ideals of democracy, sovereignty and fraternity had to be formulated.

Within twenty years after independence, India achieved self-sufficiency in food production.
1) Total rice production increased from 35 million tonnes in 1960-61 to 104 million tonnes in 2011-12.
2) wheat production was even more impressive, from 11 million tonnes to 94 million tonnes  during the same period
3) This also created an enormous demand for chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and these industries grew as well.
4) There is also a sustained increase in the production of milk and eggs. A large reserve stock of food grain was built up by the government through buying the surplus food grain from the farmers and storing this in warehouses of the Food Corporation of India (FCI).

(i) The most negative result of the Commercial Revolution was the revival of slavery. Slavery had virtually disappeared from European society by the end of the first millennium.
(ii) But the development of mining and plantation farming in the Spanish, Portuguese and English colonies led to the recruitment of slaves as unskilled labourers.
(iii) The attempt to enslave native Americans ended in failure, as they proved too tough to manage. The problem was solved by importing Africans.
(iv) This transatlantic slave trade that exported more than 11 million Africans to the Americas is a sordid story that is a shame on the making of the modem world.

(i) Cabral sailed to India, following the route of Vasco da Gama, and reached Kozhikode.
(ii) The zamorin ruler allowed Cabral to build a fort and carry on trade.
(iii) He then left for Cochin, further south, where he was warmly received.
(iv) After establishing a port at Cannanore Cabral returned with six shiploads of spices to Portugal.

1. Intellectuals played a key role in preparing the soil for the outbreak of the French Revolution
2. The writings of Voltaire and Rousseau acted as an impetus to the revolution.
3. Montesquieu, argued for the division of power among the legislative, executive and judiciary.
4. Rousseau, argued that the relationship between the rulers and ruled should be bound by a contract.

1. The working classes were initially unorganised and therefore who llyat the mercy of their employers.
2. Soon they began to feel that without organisation and unity, no permanent improvement was possible.
3. So they strove to establish trade unions.
4. This trade unions, was a form of socialism which to attack the states and the welfare of the workers.

1. The Parisians grew bitter when bigger numbers of monarchists were returned to the National Assembly.
2. Then came the betrayal of the republic - the appointment of 71-year-old Thiers.
3. Paris was once again armed.
4. As the regular army had been disbanded under the terms of agreement with Prussia, the Parisian masses kept their arms.

1. During the First World War Germany's most fearsome weapon was the submarine or U-Boat.
2. The Germans adopted a strategy to starve Britain by sinking every ship it could.
3. The Q-ships were Britain's answer to the Germany.
4. Britain provoked the attack on Germany through these ships and then resorted to retaliation.

1. A dispute arose between Sweden and Finland over the sovereignty of the Aaland Islands.
2. The League ruled that islands should go to Finland.
3. The frontier between Poland and Germany in Upper Silesia, which was successfully resolved.
4. Greece invaded Bulgaria, and the League ordered a cease fire.

1. Germany ceased to be a great power.
2. Europe lost its status and prestige.
3. The economy was in a shambles.
4. It was clear that the two dominating powers in the world were the United States and Soviet Russia.
5. The most significant outcome of the War was the transformation that had taken place in colonies.

1. Sun Yat-sen founded a political party in Tokyo, which became the Kuomintang Party.
2. Sun Yat-sen, the inspirer of the organisation, wanted a republic china.
3. After the death of Sun Yat-sen, the Kuomintang did not adopt Communist policies.
4. The Kuomintang represented the interests of the landlords and capitalists.

1. At Dumbarton Oaks, representatives of China, the Soviet Union, the United States and the United Kingdom met and formulated proposals for a world organisation.
2. The Moscow declaration recognised the need for an international organisation to replace the League of Nations.
3. Decisions on the voting system in security council and a few other issues were raised in Yalta Conference.
4. After holding deliberations and negotiations at the San Francisco conference, the Charter of the United Nations was finalised.

1. In July 1956, the Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalised the Suez Canal, which was until then privately owned by the Anglo-French Suez Canal Corporation. On 29 October, the Israeli army invaded the Sinai Peninsula.
2. The following day, French and British aircrafts bombed Egyptian air bases.
3. On 5 November 1956, British and French troops landed at the Egyptian town of Port Said.
4. The issue was taken up by the Security Council but Britain and France vetoed the resolution.

1) Education in pre-colonial India was characterised by segmentation along religious and caste lines.
2) Among the Hindus, Brahmins had the exclusive privilege to acquire higher religious and philosophical knowledge.
3) They monopolised the education system and occupied positions in the society primarily as priests and teachers.
4) They studied in special seminaries such as Vidyalayas and Chatuspathis. The medium of instruction was Sanskrit, which was considered as the sacred language.

1) From 1906, when the abrogation of partition was no longer in sight, the Swadeshi Movement took a different turn.
2) For many leaders, the movement was to be utilized for propagating the idea of the political independence or Swaraj across India
3) The constructive programmes came under heavy criticism from Aurobindo Ghose, Bipin Chandra Pal, and other militant leaders.
4) Under their new direction, the swadeshi agenda included boycott of foreign goods; boycott of government schools and colleges; boycott of courts; renouncing the titles and relinquishing government services; and recourse to armed struggle if British repression went beyond the limits of endurance.
5) The programme of this nature required mass mobilization. Using religion, combined with the invocation of a glorious past, became the essential features of their programmes.

1) The Home Rule Leagues prepared the ground for mass mobilization paving the way for the launch of Gandhi's satyagraha movements.
2) Many of the early Gandhian satyagraha is had been members of the Home Rule Leagues. They used the organisational networks created by the Leagues to spread the Gandhian method of agitation.
3) Home Rule League was the first Indian political movement to cut across sectarian Jines and have members from the Congress, League, Theosophist and the Laborites.

1) It was as part of the British policy of rally the moderates and isolate the extremists' that the Indian Councils Act 1919 and the Rowlatt Act of the same year were promulgated.
2) Throughout the World War, the repressive measures against the terrorists and revolutionaries had continued. Many of them were hanged or imprisoned for long terms.
3) As the general mood was restive, the government decided to arm itself with more repressive powers.
4) Despite every elected member of the central legislature opposing the bill, the government passed the Rowlatt Act in March 1919.
5) This Act empowered the government to imprison any person without trial.

1) The Meerut Conspiracy Case of 1929, was, perhaps, the most famous of all the communist conspiracy cases instituted by the British Government.
2) The late 1920s witnessed a number of labour upsurges and this period of unrest extended into the decade of the Great Depression (1929-1939).
3) Trade unionism spread over 'to many urban centres and organised labour strikes. The communists played a prominent role in organising the working class throughout this period.
4) The Kharagpur Railway workshop strikes in February and September 1927, the Liluah Rail workshop strike between January and July 1928, the Calcutta scavengers' strike in 1928, the several strikes in the jute mills in Bengal during July-August 1929, the strike at the Golden Rock workshop of the South Indian Railway, Tiruchirappalli, in July 1928, the textile workers' strike in Bombay in April 1928 are some of the strikes that deserve mention.

Communalism:
1) Organising a religious group on the basis of its hostility towards the followers of other religions to fight even material issues.
2) Communalism as an ideology or movement has been defined in various ways by various scholars.
3) According to Nehru, communalism is one of the obvious examples of backward-looking people trying to hold on to something that is wholly out of place in the modem world and is essentially opposed to the concept of nationalism.
4) According to another scholar, communalism denotes organised attempt of a group to bring about change in the face of resistance from other groups or the government through collective mobilisation based on a narrow ideology.