The Panchsheel (five principles), policy of Nehru, included
1. Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty,
2. Mutual non-aggression,
3. Mutual non-interference in domestic affairs,
4. Equality and mutual benefit,
5. Peaceful co-existence.

Central Treaty Organisation (CENTO)
(i) In February 1955, Iraq and Turkey signed a "pact of mutual cooperation" at Baghdad.
(ii) The membership was open to all countries in the region. In April, Great Britain joined the Pact, followed by Pakistan and Iran.
(iii) The aim was to check communist influence. A series of events took place in Middle East in 1958 which threatened regional stability: the Egypt-Syria union, revolution in Iraq and civil unrest in Lebanon.
(iv) In response to these developments, the United States intervened in Lebanon.
(v) The members of the Baghdad Pact except for Iraq endorsed the US intervention. Iraq left the pact. As a result, the other signatories of the Baghdad Pact formed the Central Treaty Organisation (CENTO), moving its headquarters to Ankara, Turkey.
(vi) United States continued to support the organisation as an associate, but not as a member. In 1979, the Iranian revolution led to the overthrow of the Shah and Iran withdrew from CENTO. 
(vii) Pakistan also withdrew that year after the organisation ceased to play an active role CENTO was formally disbanded in 1979.

The Korean War (1950-53).
(i) Korea, ruled by Japan since 1910, was divided by the 38th parallel into two zones 1945.
(ii) The northern zone, with a third of the population and most of the industry, was occupied by the USSR.
(iii) The southern zone with two-thirds of the population and most of the farming area; was controlled by the United States.
(iv) In the elections held under the supervision of UNO, in South Korea Syngman Rhee became president. In North Korea, USSR set up the People's Democratic Republic, Communist government, headed by Kim II Sung.
(v) Soon after, the Russians and Americans withdrew their forces.
(vi) The South Korean president openly proclaimed his ambition to unite the whole country by force.
(vii) Open warfare began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea.

End of Cold War
(i) The US and the Soviet Union had created a bi-polar international structure. Initial the Soviet military capabilities were weak. But by 1969 USSR had equalled US in terms of nuclear capability. The threat of Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) created fear in both powers Strong disarmament movements in Europe also put pressure on the ruling governments. This pushed the superpowers to the negotiating table.
(ii) The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT 1972 & 1979) and later the Strategic Arms Reduction (START, 1991) treaties heralded an era of coexistence and cooperation.
(iii) Glasnost was instituted as a part of an effort by Gorbachev to democratise the governing structure of Soviet Union.
(iv) Fundamental changes occurred in the political structure of the Soviet Union: reduction of the power of the Communist Party, and multi candidate elections for assembly membership.
(v) Glasnost also permitted criticism of government officials and allowed the media freer dissemination of news and people free expression of their opinions.
(vi) With glasnost, Soviet citizens no longer had to worry about arrest and exile for articulating negative opinions against the State.
(vii) These ideas created a revolutionary wave of liberalism in Soviet Union. At the same time, it eventually led to the disintegration of Soviet Union.