The pre-requisites were, only men above 25 years of age who paid taxes equal to at least 3 days of a labourer's wage, were given the status of active citizens.

Vridha Ganga and Dakshin Ganga.

(i) In August 2002 issued a 'Legal Framework Order' under General Pervez Musharraf that amende the constitution of Pakistan.
(ii) According to this Order, the president can dismiss the national or provincial assemblies.
(iii) The work of the civilian cabinet was supervised by a National Security Council which was dominated by military officers.

Important issues which bring many limitations and challenges of Indian elections to our attention are following
(i) Candidates and parties with lot of money enjoy a big and unfair advantage over smaller parties or independent candidates.
(ii) Candidates with criminal records have been able to push others out of electoral race and secure a ticket from major parties.
(iii) Some families tend to dominate political parties and secure tickets for their own family members.
(iv) Smaller parties and independents suffer a huge disadvantage compared to bigger parties.

The negative effects of the Green Revolution are
(i) Modern farming methods used in the Green Revolution have overused the natural resource base. All the nutrients in the soil are finished.
(ii) Soil fertility has been lost due to increased use of chemical fertilisers, The chemicals have killed the bacteria which used to keep the soil fertile earlier.
(iii) Continuous use of groundwater for irrigation through tube wells has reduced the water table below the ground, which was built up over a number of years.

Health of the population is a significant factor in determining health of the economy in general. The good health of a person enables him to realise his full potential. Conversely, an unhealthy person becomes a liability for the economy. In fact, health is an indispensable basis for realising one's well being. 
Provisions or features of the National Health Policy of India are 
(i) Improvement of access to health care, particularly for rural people.
(ii) It is focussed on family welfare.
(iii) It provides nutritional services, particularly for the underprivileged sections

After the fall of Robespierre's government, the wealthier middle classes came forward to seize power. A new constitution was introduced which denied the vote to non propertied sections of the society. It provided for two elected legislative councils. These then appointed a Directory, an executive made up of five members. This was meant as a safeguard against the concentration of power in a one-man executive as under the Jacobins. However the Directors often clashed with the legislative councils, who then sought to dismiss them. Thus, the Directory became the victim of political instability which paved the way for the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. 

(i) Socialists were against private property. They saw it as the root of all social ills of the time.
(ii) They argued that individuals owned the property that gave employment but the propertied were concerned only with personal gain and not with the welfare of those who made the property productive.
(iii) So, if society as a whole rather than single individuals controlled property, more attention would be paid to collective social interests.
(iv) Socialists wanted this change and campaigned for it.

(i) The making of the Constitution for a huge and diverse country like India was a tough task. At that time the people of India were emerging from the status of subjects to that of citizens.
(ii) The country was born through a partition on the basis of religious differences. This was a traumatic experience for the people of India and Pakistan. At least ten lakh people were killed on both sides of the border in partition-related violence.
(iii) The British had left it to the rulers of the princely states to decide whether they wanted to merge with India or with Pakistan or remain independent. The merger of these princely states was a difficult task.
(iv) When the Constitution was being written, the future of the country did not look very secure. The makers of the Constitution had considered about the present and the future of India.

Democracy is based on a fundamental principle of political equality. In a democracy, each adult citizen must have one vote and each vote must have one value. But there are many instances of denial of equal right to vote:
(i)  In Saudi Arabia, women do not have the right to vote.
(ii) Estonia has made its citizenship rules in such a way that people belonging to Russian minority find it difficult to get the right to vote.
(iii) In Fiji,the electoral system is such that the vote of an indigenous Fiji has more value than that of an Indian-Fijian.

A social iset up which is based on inequalities and injustice is bound to collapse soon or later. When Young speaks of 'slaves' he means the unprivileged class of people. He is criticising those who belonged to privileged class i.e. clergy and nobles. He senses dangers of violence or riot.

Respected Sir,
I am a middle level wheat farmer after collectivisation. My family is big and now it is quite difficult for me to look after it properly. We are in fact dying of starvation. Your collectivisation technique has ruined me and my family. I had made assets of land with great effort. And now it has been taken away from me in a second. It is not justified. I, therefore, request you to please do me a favour and return my land to me.
The letter would not have produced desired effect on Stalin. He would have sent his men to imprison this farmer.

(a) Olympe de Gouges opined that woman was born free and, therefore, she should remain equal to man in rights. There should not be any disparity between both the sexes.
(b) According to Olympe de Gouges, the goal of all political associations should be the preservation of all the natural rights (liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression) of woman and man.
(c) She was of the opinion that the law should be the expression of the general will. All female and male citraens should have a say either personally or by their representatives in its formulation, it should be the same for all.

(i) The peasant did not want to join the collective farm because all of his land and implements would be transferred to the ownership of collective farms.
(ii) Stalin forced the peasants of Russia to cultivate in collective farms known as Kolkhoz. The bulk of land and implements were transferred to the ownership of collective farms Peasants worked on the land, and the Kolkhoz profit was shared. Some peasants tried to resist but they could not get success. As a result, their condition became deplorable.

The five values associated with Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen are:
(i) Right to Life: Everyone has the right to live in his/her own way. There would not be any restriction from the state.
(ii) Freedom of Speech: Every citizen is entitled to speak whatever he/she thinks right.
(iii) Freedom of Opinion: Every citizen is entitled to write or express his/her own opinion freely.
(iv) Equality before Law: Law is the expression of the general will. All citizens have the right to participate in its formation, personally or through their representatives. All citizens are equal before it.
(v) Liberty: It consists of the power to do whatever is not injurious to others.

(i) Bolsheviks were the majority group of the workers of Russia and their leader was Lenin.
(ii) The popular demonstration by the Bolsheviks was harshly repressed by the Provisional Government because Bolshevik influence was growing fast and the government was afraid that it might give rise to another revolution.

(i) Gandhiji wanted India to be free from all thralldom and patronage. There should be no high class and low class people. In his dream India all communities must live in perfect harmony.
(ii) (a) The curse of untouchability.
(b) The curse of the intoxicating drinks or drugs.
(iii) Gandhiji believed in equality of man and woman. But the Indian women were not allowed equal status in the society. He wanted them to enjoy the same rights as men.