Local Time:
The time of a place determined by the midday sun is called the local time.

Standard Time:
When a local time of a longitude is taken as the time for the whole country, it is called the standard time of that country

(i) Lakshadweep
(ii) Russia, Canada, USA, China, Brazil and Australia
(iii) Andaman and Nicobar Island
(iv) Sri Lanka and Maldives.

1. The sun rises in the east. Hence, time is ahead by four minutes every meridian while going towards east from the west. Kuchchh in Gujarat is located at the eastern point of Arunachala Pradesh. Thus, the differences is of two hours.
2. But the local time longitude is taken as standard time throughout the country and all the watches in the country run according to this time. It is called IST.
3. It is because of this reason that Sun rises two hours earlier in the eastern parts of Arunachal Pradesh as compared to Kuchchh in the west but the watches show the same time.

India is situated in the Eastern hemisphere. It stands on the northern edge of the Indian Ocean. Japan in the north-east, Australia in the south-east, Europe in the north-west and Africa in the south-west are almost at equal distance from India.
(i) The trans Indian-Ocean routes connecting the countries of Europe in the west and the developing countries of Asia in the east provide a strategic central position to India.
(ii) Deccan Peninsular protrudes into the Indian Ocean. It helps India to establish close contract with West Asia, Africa and Europe from the western coast and with South-east and East Asia from the eastern coast. India has the longest coast line on the Indian Ocean. No other country has such a coast long line.

(i) Land Locked Countries:
(ii) Land Locked Countries are those countries which are bounded by land masses from all the four sides and have no coastline.
For example; Nepal, Afghanistan

Hints:
(i) Students should do themselves with the help of atlas or internet.
(ii) North, south and west-east lines can be drawn to get exact degree of longitudinal and latitudinal location of our state.
(iii) Degrees are written outside every map.

(i) Western coast  - Two
(ii) Daman and Diu
(iii) Dadra and Nagar Haveli
(iv) Eastern coast - One
(v) Puducherry

Smallest state: Goa
Largest state: Rajasthan

(i) Haryana
(ii) M.P.
(iii) Chhattisgarh
(iv) Jharkhand

India remained busy in the exchange of ideas and commodities since time immemorial
India's contacts with West Asia, East Asia, Central and South Asia are noteworthy
(i) Buddhism traveled from India to Tibet, China and as far as Japan and Korean Peninsula. The various passes across the mountains in the north have provided passage to ancient travelers.
(ii) Upanishads, the Ramy n, the Indian numeral and the decimal system reached many parts of the world as a result of these contacts.
(iii) India has trade relation with many countries. One of the famous land routes was connected to the famous silk route of China.
(iv) India has trade relations with South-East Asian Countries like Java, Cambodia, Sumatra, Bali, Sri Lanka, Burma and Siam
(v) The spices, Muslim and other merchandise were taken from India is different countries

Information about the 'Silk Route:
(i) China produced large 41lantities of silk during the ancient period.
(ii) It exported silk to western countries through a land route which passed several countries of Asia and Europe.
(iii) This route was called Silk Route:
(a) Camels were major means of transporting silk.
(b) The traders were called sodagars.
(c) They carried silk on the back of camels who moved in caravans. Sometimes dacoits/plunders looted the silk and camels and killed the sodagars (traders).
(d) Another reason was that the sodagars (traders) died of heat and thirst.

Reasons for selecting 82° 30' E as the Standard Meridian of India are:
(i) 82° 30' E is almost the middle meridian of longitude of India.
(ii) On International basis, the globe has been divided into 24 time zones (each of 15 longitudes). In every zone local time of the middle longitude (divided by 7° 30') is taken as standard time of the entire zone. Because 82° 30' E is well divisible by 7° 30', a standard adopted by almost all the countries of the world while they selected a standard meridian for their respective countries.
(iii) Its time is considered the standard throughout India, even on the easternmost tip of Arunachal Pradesh and westernmost tip and Gujarat of India where there is a two hours difference between their local times.

Reasons for the difference between duration of day and night is hardly felt at Kanyakumari but not so in Jammu and Kashmir:
(i)  Kanyakumari is located near the equator while Kashmir is located far away from the equator. ~.
(ii) On equator duration of day and night is almost 12 hours each.
(iii) Places located near equator have less difference in the duration of day and night, the difference goes on increasing going far away from the equator.
(a) Kanyakumari is located at 8° 4' Nwhile northernmost tip of Kashmir has 37° 6' N latitudes.
(b) The maximum difference between the duration of day and night on any day of the year is only 45 minutes in Kanyakumari.
(c) This difference is of 5 hours at the northernmost tip of Kashmir.

India's neighbours are Pakistan,  Afghanistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Chinna, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Maldives.
India shares its land boundaries with:
(i) Pakistan and Afghanistan in the northwest.
(ii) Chinna, Nepal, Bhutan in the north.
(iii) Myanmar and Bangladesh in the east.
(iv) Our southern neighbours across the sea are two island countries ie., Sri Lanka and Maldives.
(v) Sri Lanka is separated from India by a narrow channel of sea formed by the Palk Strait and Gulf of Mannar.
(vi) Maldives islands are situated to the south of the Lakshaweep islands.

The Latitude-The Tropic of Cancer runs almost half-way through India. It divided India into two separate climatic zones.
(i) The southern part gets more heat from the sun that the northern part.
(ii) The difference between the duration of day and night is far more in northern parts than in the southern part.

The Tropic of Cancer runs almost half-way through India. It implies a lot. By it India is divided into two separate climate zones. While the southern part of India lie within the tropics and are rationally hotter than the northern parts, the latter belongs to the sub-tropical or the warm tropical zone of the Northern hemisphere. Secondly, while the area lying to the north of the Tropic of Cancer will never have the midday sun overhead while in areas to the south of the Tropic of Cancer, the sun will be exactly overhead at least twice in a year.

1. Seas, Oceans and Bays:
2. Sea - Arabian Sea
3. Ocean - Indian Ocean
4. Bay - Bay of Bengal

(i) India is not a giant country. India's total area is only about 2.4 percent of the total geographical area of the world. Russia is the largest country of the world. Then comes China, Canada, USA, Brazil and Australia in the descending order of area.
(ii) It is another of great interest that India is not a pygmy. It is:
(a) Six times bigger than France.
(b) Nine times than Germany.
(c) Twenty-three than Bangladesh.

1. The Indian landmass has a central location between East and the West Asia. The trans-Indian Ocean routes provide a strategic central location to India, because these routes connect Europe (in the West) to the East Asian countries.
2. The various passes across the mountains in the North have provided passages to the ancient travellers.
3. These routes have contributed in the exchange of ideas and commodities since ancient times. Thus, India is very strategically located.

(i) India has the longest coastline on the Indian ocean.
(ii) India has a central location between East and West Asia.
(iii) India's southernmost extension, the Deccan Peninsula, extends towards the Indian ocean, which makes it significant to international trade done through the Indian ocean.

(i) India has the longest coastline on the Indian ocean.
(ii) India has a central location between East and West Asia.
(iii) India's southernmost extension, the Deccan Peninsula, extends towards the Indian ocean, which makes it significant to international trade done through the Indian ocean.

It is true that India accounts for about 2.4% of the total geographical area of the world, but actually, support the second largest population of the world. There are many implications which are responsible for this situation.
These are as follows
(i) Overcrowding causes overutilisation of resources.
(ii) Population density is very high, causing multiple problems of availability of resources.
(iii) Higher population leads to inadequate per capita income and lower economic development as compared to developed and less populated countries.