Maximilian Robespierre was the leader of the most successful political club,the jacobins. He reigned in France from 1793 to 1794. His period of rule is referred to as the 'Reign of Terro'.

The National Assembly was announced on June 20, 1789, in the hall of an Indoor Tennis Court, in Versailles.

The pre-requisites were, only men above 25 years of age who paid taxes equal to at least 3 days of a labourer's wage, were given the status of active citizens.

The American constitution and its guarantee of individual rights inspired the philosophers.

Grain was the main source of export earnings in Russia.

Rule of law guaranteed that all are treated equally and no body is above the law .Respect for rights ensures that all have equal stake in decision making process and ensures that all citizens are equal infront of law

(i) The Jacobins was the most important political ckub of France
(ii) After the fall of Jacobin Government the wealthier middle classes seized power.
(iii) A new constitution was introduced which denied the vote to nonpropertied sections of society.
(iv) The constitution provided legislative authority to two elected legislative councls
(v) These then appointed a Directory, an executive made up of five members
(vi) There were constant clashes between the Directory and legislative councils resulting in political instability.
(vii) The legislative councils then sought to dismiss them
(viii) Political instability and dependance on the army culminated in the rise of military dictator Napoleon Bonaparte.

1774:
Louis XVI of the Bourbon family of Kings ascended the throne of France. He was 20 years old. The new king found an empty treasury and growing discontent within society of the Old Regime.
1789:
In May 1789, the King (Louis XVI) convened the Estates General to pass proposals for new taxes. On 20th June the representatives of the third Estate, who had walked out of the assembly of the convened Estates General, formed the National Assembly. On 14th July 1789, the Bastille, the fortress-prison was stormed. It was followed by outbreak of peasant revolts in the countrysides.
1791:
A Constitution was framed to limit the powers of the king and to guarantee basic rights (like freedom of speech, freedom of opinion, right to life and equality before law) to all human beings.
1792-93:
France became a republic and Louis XVI was beheaded on charges of treason on 21st January 1793. The Jacobin republic was overthrown. The Directory ruled France.
1804:
Napoleon Bonaparte became the Emperor of France. In the name of carrying the revolution he annexed large parts of Europe. His revolutionary ideas of liberty and modern laws had an impact on people of Europe long after Napoleon had left.

(i) The financial position of France at the time of Louis VI was bad. On his accession the new king found an empty treasury.
(ii) The three estates into which the French society was divided were:
(a) First estate - the clergy
(b)Second estate - the nobility
(c)Third estate-big businessman, merchants, court officials, lawyers, peasants and artisans, small peasants, landless labour and servants.
(iii) The first estate the church constituted the privileged class was exempt from taxes, owned vast lands and extracted taxes called 'tithes' from peasants.
(iv) The nobles like the Church were part of the privileged class, was exempt from taxes, owned vast lands and extracted taxes, owned vast lands and extracted feudal dues and services from peasants.
(v)The third estate formed more than 90% of the population. They enjoyed no political rights and social status but bore the burden of taxes.

(i) while the liberals favoured the idea of privileges, the radicals were opposed to the privileges of landowners and wealthy factory owners.
(ii) The liberals wanted voting rights for propertied classes only, while the radicals wanted a nation in which government was based on the majority of a country's population
(iii) Though both were in favour of private property, the radicals were opposed to concentration of wealth in few hands.
(iv) While liberals were against giving women the right to vote, radicals were for women suffragette.

The Republic of Germany was Weimer after the name of the town where the constituent assembly had met and framed the new Constitution.

The main objective of the Russian Revolutionaries were:
(i) To secure peace and withdrawal of Russia from the First World War.
(ii) Transfer land to the tiller.
(iii) Give control of industry to the workers.
(iv) Nationalise all the banks.
(v) Give equal status to non-Russian nationalities.

Different physiographic region of our country highlights the unique features of each region.
 (i) The mountains are the major sources of water and forest wealth.
 (ii) The nortern plains are the granaries of the country
 (iii) They provide the base for the early civilisations
 (iv) The plateau is a storehouse of minierals, which has played a crucial role in the industrialisation of the country.
 (v) The coastal regions and the islands groups provide site fishing and port activities.
Hence the diverse physical features of the land immense future possibilities of development.

(i) The Himalayan rivers carries a large volume of water as they originate from Glaciers and also get water from melting of snow.
(ii) They carry a considerable amount of silt with them.
(iii) Every year during the rainy season, the river overflows its banks, causing widespread devastation due to floods in northern plains and Assam.
(iv) But this widespread flood enrich the soil as it deposits the silt and alluvium in vast plain.
(v) The soil is very fertile for the extensive agricultural lands.