(i) Hitler promised to build a strong nation, undo the injustice of the Versailles Treaty and restore the dignity of the German people.
(ii) He promised employment for those looking for work and a secure future for the youth.
(iii) He promised to weed out all foreign influences and resist all foreign conspiracies against Germany.

Factors affecting climate of India:
(a) Latitude
(b) Altitude
(c) Pressure and wind systems
(d) Distance from sea
(e) Influence of oceans
(f) Physiography

Factors responsible for the distribution of plants and animals in India.
(i) Temperature
(ii) Sunlight
(iii) Precipitation
(iv) Soil
(v) Relief

The elements/factors responsible for population growth or change in size of population are as follows
(i) High birth rate and low death rate In India, after independence there was high birth and high death rate. However, the death rate has declined now considerably but the birth rate continues to remain high.
(ii) Child marriage Early marriages are common in many parts of India due to which more percentage of girls are married in the age group of 15-20 years. This results in giving birth to more number of children.
(iii) Illiteracy Still a large population of India is illiterate. Illiterate persons fail to understand the importance of family planning or the advantage of having a small family.

The three major functions of Election Commission of India are
(i) Election commission takes decisions on every aspect of conduct and control of elections.
(ii) It implements the code of conduct and can punish any candidate or party that violates it.
(iii) It controls the government officers who are posted on the election duty.

Nazi propaganda was effective in creating hatred for the Jews because:
(i) Nazi hatred of Jews had a precursor in the traditional Christian hatred of Jews. They had been stereotyped as killers of Christ.
(ii) Many in Germany blamed the Jews for defeat in World War I and for all the miseries of the Gennan people.
(iii) Gennady faced an economic crisis that was accentuated by the Great Economic Depression. This led to high unemployment and price rise. The Jews were mainly involved in trade and money lending activities and constituted the affluent section of society. Nazi projection of Jews as pests and rodents living off society struck a chord with the deprived and the unemployed.
(iv) Jews lived separately in marked areas called ghettos. They, therefore, became easy targets.
(v) Nazi regime used language and media with care to propagate against the Jews. Nazi ideas were spread through visual images, radio, films, movies, etc. Through the effective use of propaganda, images of Jews were stereotyped, mocked, and abused. Example: The most famous propaganda film was 'Eternal Jews'.
The propaganda machinery cut across all sections and ages of society. It worked on the minds and emotions of the people.

(i) Different from men: Children in Nazi Germany were repeatedly told, women were radically different from men. Their fight and demand for democratic rights was wrong. They felt this would destroy society.
(ii) Bearers of Aryan culture and race: Women's role was limited to reproductive role and home. Girls were told they had to become good mothers and rear pure-blooded Aryans. They had to maintain purity of the race, distance themselves from Jews, look after the home and teach the children Nazi values.
(iii) System of Punishment and Rewards: In Nazi Germany, all mothers were not treated equally. Women who bore racially 'undesirable' children were punished and those who gave birth to racially 'desirable' children were rewarded. They were given favoured treatment in hospitals. They were entitled to concessions in shops, railway fares and theatre tickets.
(iv) Honour Crosses: Nazi Germany encouraged omen to produce many children by awarding 'Honour Crosses'. A bronze cross was given for four children. A silver cross was earmarked for!six and gold for eight or more.
(v) Code of Conduct: There was a code of conduct for all Aryan women. Those who deviated were publicly Condemned and severely punished. Those who maintained contact with' Jews, poles and Russians ('undesirable') were paraded through town with heads shaved and blackened faces. They were made to go around with placards hanging from their necks stating 'I have sullied the honour of the nation".

Policy: Points
(i) Regarded women as different from men
(ii) Thought equal rights for men and women can destroy society.
(iii) Role limited to that of bearers of Aryan culture and race.
(iv) Prescribed code of conduct for women.
(v) Those who deviated were subject to public condemnation and serve punishment.
No I do not agree with Hitler's policy towards women.
Reasons why I do not approve:
(a) Against gender equality and empowerment of women.
(b) Contrary to freedom of expression, speech, action and opportunity.
(c) Coercive in thought and action.
(d) Unjust and retrograde.
(e) Against essence of humanity.

The colonial managers of Bastar were the British, while those of Java were the Dutch.
Similarities
(a) In both cases, forests came to be owned by the state.
(b) They restricted villagers from practicing shifting cultivation.
(c) They enacted laws to allow themselves to exploit forest trees for timber, to build ships and railways, to protect and further their imperial interests.
(d) Both enacted forest laws to restrict villager's access to forests, grazing, etc.
(e) Both were exploitative by nature, they displaced the local communities from their traditional means of livelihood, and exploited them to further their interests. Defaulters of forest laws were harassed, punished and fined.
(g) Both introduced exploitative policies to get the support of the locals. The British introduced 'Forest villages'. Under this, some villages were allowed to stay on in the reserved forests on the condition that they would work free for the forest department and would help in cutting and transporting trees and protecting the forests from fire.
(g)In Java, the Dutch introduced the Blandongdiensten system. Under this, the villages were exempted from rent if they would work collectively to provide free labour and animals for cutting and transporting timber.
(h) Policies of management in both cases resulted in the enforcement of alien concepts of private property, taxes and penetration of forest societies by outsiders.
(i) The atrocities of the managers led to increasing frustration among the forest communities, which found an outlet in rebellions. These rebellions though crushed with a heavy hand were not without results.

The causes of deforestation in India during colonial rule were:
(i) Increase in population, leading to growth in demand for food. This led to the extension of land under cultivation at the expense of forests.
(b) The colonial government thought that forests were unproductive because they brought in no revenue. They encouraged the clearing of forests for cultivation to increase their revenue.
(ii) The British encouraged the production of commercial crops like jute, sugar, coffee. The demand for these crops increased in the 19th century. Peasants cleared forests to increase cultivation and their profits.
(iii) Demand for timber increased due to the expansion of railways. Forest wood was needed to make sleepers hold the tracks together and as fuel for locomotives.
(iv) By the early 19th century, oak forests in England were disappearing. This created a problem of timber supply for building ships for the Royal Navy. Teak and sal forests were mercilessly cut in India to meet the demands of the Royal Navy.
(v) Large areas of forests were also cleared to make way for plantation crops. E.g., rubber.

In scientific Forestry
(i) Natural forests which had different types of trees were cut down and new ones belonging to one tree type were planted in rows. This is called as plantation .
(ii) Forest officials surveyed the forests. They estimated the area under different types of trees and made working plans for the forest management. They planned how much of the plantation area was to be cut every year.
(iii) The cleared area was replanted to enable recutting after some years.

(a) Different types of Vegetation
1. Tropical rain(evergreen)forests
2. Tropical deciduous forests
3. Tropical thron forests and scrubs
4. Montane Montanets
5. Mangrove forests
(ii) Vegetation of high altitudes(Montane Vegetation)
(iii) High altitudes, generally more than 3600 meters above sea level, temperature forests and grasslands give way to the Alpine vegetation
(iii) Silver fir, junipers, pines, and breaches are the common trees of these forests
(iv) Through shrubs and scrubs, they ultimately merge into Aloine grasslands.
 1. These grasslands are used extensively for grazing by nomadic tribes like the Gujjars, Backrwals.
 2. At higher altitudes, mosses and lichens form part of tundra vegetation
(v) Common animals are Tibetan antelope, Kashmir stag, spotted deer, wild sheep, jack, rabbit, yak, snow leopard, squirrels, shaggy horn wild ibex, rare red panda etc.

Rainiest month July and the rainfall is 19.3

Given table explains that from 1951 to 1981, the annual rate of population growth was rapidly from 361 million in 1951 to 683 million in 1981.

(i) One of the main characteristics of democracy is free and fair elections. The Election Commission which is responsible for conducting elections in the country, has been given wide powers.
(ii) It enjoys the same kind of independence that the judiciary enjoys. In fact very few Election Commissions in the world have such wide-ranging powers as the Election Commission of India.
(iii) To ensure that the elections are free and fair, it is necessary to give such powers to the Election Commission. It is good for democracy.

In an election the voters decide:
(i) Who will make laws for them.
(ii) Who will form the government and take major decisions.
(iii) The party whose policies will guide the government and law making.

The three important elements of democracy are"
(i) Election
(ii) Institutions
(iii) Enjoyment of rights.

Saudi Arabia has monarchy system, which follows Islam, as an official religion and hence other religion are not treated equally.