The groups which gained from the revolution were people of the third estate. These included the new middle class including big businessmen, merchants, court officials, and other professionals like lawyers. Formerly they had to pay all the taxes and were humiliated both by the clergy and nobles. After the revolution, they began to be treated equally with the upper sections of society. Certain sections of the third estate were also given political rights.
1. Relinquish Power:
The classes, which formed the privileged sections of society like the nobility, clergy, and aristocracy were forced to relinquish their special privileges. Now the French society was organized on the basis of social equality. The revolution also led to the nationalism of church property.
2. Disappointed:
(a) The less privileged classes in terms of money, land and education i.e., small peasants, landless laborers, sharecroppers, servants, artisans, daily wage earners and
(b) The erstwhile privileged classes i.e., the clergy and the nobility were disappointed because all their privileges were taken away from them.

1. India occupies a unique position on the globe. It enjoys a unique proximity with Europe, Africa and Australia. The Indian landmass has a central location between East and West Asia.
2. India is the southward extension of Asia; thus, it forms the South-Central Peninsula of the world's largest continent. The Deccan Peninsula, India's southward extension, extends towards the Indian ocean and divides it into two seas, the Arabian Sea on the West and the Bay of Bengal on its East.
3. The Deccan Peninsula helps India to establish easy contact with West Asia, East Africa and Europe from the Western coast and with South-East Asia, East Asia and Australia from the Eastern coast. India has the longest coastline on the Indian Ocean. These geographical features provide India a significant edge in international trade.

1. The Central Government sponsored scheme of National River Conservation Plan (NRCP) is being implemented by the Central Government jointly with the State Governments on a
cost-sharing basis.
2. The pollution abatement work under NRCP presently covers polluted stretches of 39 major rivers and 185 towns spread over 20 states in the country.
3. The activities of Ganga Action Plan (GAP) Phase-I initiated in 1985, were declaired closed on 31st March, 2000.
4. The steering committee of the National River Conservation Authority reviewed the progress of the GAP and necessary correction was made on the basis of lessons learnt and experience gained from GAP Phase-I.
5. These have been applied to the major polluted rivers of the country by the NRCP. The Ganga Action Plan (GAP) Phase-Il has been merged with NRCP. A total of 215 schemes of pollution abatement have been sanctioned. So far, 69 schemes have been completed under this action plan. A million litres of sewage per day is targeted to be intercepted, diverted and treated.

The salient features of the Constitution of India are
(i) Though we have borrowed many features from the constitutions of other countries, we have not accepted them as they are.We have modified those provisions to suit our needs. Hence, altogether new provisions have been created and assimilated in the Indian Constitution.
(ii) With the help of Article 368, Parliament can amend the Constitution. Every part of the Constitution can be amended by Parliament except its 'basic structure'. Any law which violates the basic structure of the Constitution is declared unconstitutional and invalid by the court.
(iii) The Constitution provides certain fundamental rights to the citizens which are legally enforceable by a court of law.
(iv) It provides a novel feature called "Directive Principles of State Policy", which are not legally enforceable by a Court of law. These principles promote social and economic democracy and aim to establish India as a welfare state.
(v) It provides for universal adult franchise as a basis of elections to the Lok Sabha and the state legislative assemblies. (Those above the age of 18 can vote.) 

In our country, elections are conducted by an independent and very powerful Election Commission (EC). The Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) is appointed by the President of India. But once appointed, the Chief Election Commissioner is not answerable to the President or the government. Even if the ruling party or the government does not like what the Commission does, it is virtually impossible for it to remove the CEC. The Election Commission of India enjoys wideranging powers:
(i) EC takes decisions on every aspect of conduct and control of elections from the announcement of elections to the declaration of results.
(ii) It implements the code of conduct and punishes any candidate or party that violates it.
(iii) During the election period, the EC can order the government to follow some questions, to prevent use and misuse of governmental power, to enhance its chances to win elections, or to transfer some government officials.
(iv) When on election duty, government officers work under the control of the EC and not the government.