Liberals
(i) Liberals were one of the groups which looked to change society. They wanted a 'secular' nation which tolerated all religions.
(ii) They opposed religious discrimination and uncontrolled power of dynastic rulers. They wanted to safeguard the rights of individuals.
(iii) They wanted a representative, elected Parliamentary Government and a well-trained judiciary that was independent of rulers and officials.
Radicals
(i) They wanted a government based on the majority of a country's population. They supported universal adult suffrage, including the vote for women.
(ii) Unlike liberals, they opposed the privileges of great landowners and wealthy factory owners.
(iii) They were not against the existence of private property, but opposed concentration of property in the hands of a few.
Conservatives
(i) They were opposed to liberals and radicals. They generally opposed the idea of change during the 18th century.
(ii) By the 19th century, they accepted that some change was inevitable, but believed it had to be brought about through a slow process.
(iii) They respected old or past traditions and customs.

The Peninsular plateau is a tableland composed M old crystalline, igneous and metamorphic rocks. It was formed due to breaking and drifting of Gondwana land, thus making it a part of the oldest landmass. This plateau has broad and shallow valleys and rounded hills. The Peninsular plateau consists of two broad divisions, namely the Central Highlands and the Deccan Plateau.
Central Highlands
(i) The part of the Peninsular plateau lying to the North of the Narmada river covering a major area of the Malwa plateau is known as Central Highlands.
(ii) The Vindhyan range is bounded by the Central Highlands on the South and the Aravalis on the North-West. The westward extension gradually merges with the sandy and rocky desert of Rajasthan.
(iii) The flow of the rivers draining this region, namely the Chambal, Sind, Betwa and Ken, is from South-West to North-East, thus indicating the slope.
(iv) The Central Highlands are wider in the West, but narrower in the East.
(v) The eastward extensions of this plateau are locally known as Bundelkhand and Baghelkhand. The Chota Nagpur plateau marks the further eastward extension being drained by the Damodar river.
Deccan Plateau
This triangular area lies South of the Narmada. The Satpura mountain range marks its broad boundary in the North. The plateau is separated from the hills in the North-East by a geological fault. The hills are Garo, Khasi and Jaintia. The Western Ghats cause orographic rain by forcing the rain bearing moist monsoon winds to rise along the Western slopes of the ghats. The part of the plateau known as Deccan Trap contains black soil of volcanic origin.

(i) People cannot choose or change their rulers
(ii) People do not enjoy the freedom to express their opinion, from political associations and organise protests and political action. They do not have the right to from independent trade unions and to strike

The workers led by Walesa signed a 21-point agreement with the government that ended their strike. The government agreed to recognise the worker's right to form independent trade unions and their right to strike. After the Gdansk agreement was signed, a new trade union called Solidarity was formed.

The Polish United Workers Party.

General Augusto Pinochet was the defence minister under Salvador Allende. After the coup of 1973, he succeeded him and became the president of Chile.

General Jaruzelski.

Ghana, a british colony, become independent in 1957. Kwame Nkrumah, son of a goldsmith and himself a teacher, was active in the independent struggle of Ghana and became the first PM and President.
Two of his achievements are follows:
- He provided leadership during the freedom struggle.
- He became an inspiration for the other nationalist in African countries.

(i) The International Monetary Fund
(ii) Nearly half the power of voting in the I.M.F. is in the hands of only ten countries of the world. They are U.S. Japan, Germany, France, U.K., China and Russia.

The Pakistani General who led a military coup in October 1999 was General Pervez Musharraf.

The system of apartheid followed in South Africa was unjust and racist because
(i) The blacks were forbidden from living in white areas. They could work in white areas only if they had a permit.
(ii) Trains, buses, taxis, hotels, hospitals, schools and colleges, libraries, cinema halls, theatres, beaches, swimming pools, public toilets, churches, ere were all separate for the whites and blacks.
(iii) Blacks could not form associations or protest against the terrible treatment.
Thus, the apartheid system was particularly oppressive for the blacks.

1. Meaning of Policy The Policy of Apartheid was a system of racial discrimination unique to South Africa. It was imposed on the blacks by the white Europeans. In this system, the blacks were forbidden from living in white areas. They could work in white areas only if they had a permit. Trains, buses, taxis, hotels, hospitals, schools, colleges, libraries, cinema halls, theatres, beaches, swimming pools, public toilets, etc were all separate for the whites and the blacks.
2. End of Policy This policy came to an end on 26th April, 1994, when the Republic of South Africa was born with a multi-racial government.

Five significant characteristics of the adolescent population of India are as follows
(i) Adolescent population constitutes one-fifth of the total population of India.
(ii) They are generally grouped in the age group of 10 to 19 years.
(iii) They are the most important resource for the future.
(iv) Nutritional requirements of adolescents are higher than those of normal child or adult.
(v) In India, a large number of adolescent girls suffer from anaemia.
(vi) The adolescent girls have to be sensitised to the problems they confront.

Lok Sabha exercises supreme power in the following ways
(i) Any ordinary law needs to be passed by both the houses but in the case of conflict, view of Lok Sabha prevails because it has a large number of members.
(ii) Once the Lok Sabha passes the budget or any other money related law, Rajya Sabha cannot reject it.
The Rajya Sabha can delay it for a maximum of 14 days or suggest changes in it which may or may not be accepted by the Lok Sabha.
(iii) Most importantly, the Lok Sabha controls the Council of Ministers. If the majority of the Lok Sabha members say that they have no confidence in the Council of Ministers, then all the ministers including the Prime Minister have to resign.
Thus, it can be concluded that Lok Sabha is more powerful that Rajya Sabha.

The Right to Constitutional Remedy is the 'heart and soul' of the Indian Constitution was said by Dr Br Ambedkar because,
(i) When any of our rights are violated, we can seek a remedy through courts. If it is a Fundamental Right, we can directly approach the Supreme Court or the High Court of the state.
(ii) If any act of Legislature or Executive takes away or limits
any of the Fundamental Rights, it will be invalid. We can challenge such laws of the Central or the State Government in the court of law.
(iii)The Supreme Court and the High Courts have the power to issue directions, orders or
writs for the enforcement of the Fundamental Rights.
(iv)Right to Constitutional Remedies makes other rights effective. This right is the guardian of other rights.
Thus, it can be concluded that the Right to Constitutional Remedy is the 'heart and soul' of Indian Constitution.