Liberals
(i) Liberals were one of the groups which looked to change society. They wanted a 'secular' nation which tolerated all religions.
(ii) They opposed religious discrimination and uncontrolled power of dynastic rulers. They wanted to safeguard the rights of individuals.
(iii) They wanted a representative, elected Parliamentary Government and a well-trained judiciary that was independent of rulers and officials.
Radicals
(i) They wanted a government based on the majority of a country's population. They supported universal adult suffrage, including the vote for women.
(ii) Unlike liberals, they opposed the privileges of great landowners and wealthy factory owners.
(iii) They were not against the existence of private property, but opposed concentration of property in the hands of a few.
Conservatives
(i) They were opposed to liberals and radicals. They generally opposed the idea of change during the 18th century.
(ii) By the 19th century, they accepted that some change was inevitable, but believed it had to be brought about through a slow process.
(iii) They respected old or past traditions and customs.

(i) Radicals were a group of people who believed in drastic change of society. They wanted a nation in which government was based on majority of the country's population.They were in favour of women's suffragette.
(ii) They were opposed to privileges of great landowners and wealthy factory owners
(iii) They were not against the existence of private property but were against the concentration of property in few hands.

Factors enabling industrialisation were :
(i)  increased foreign investments
(ii)  extension of railway network
(iii) doubling of coal production
(iv) quadrupling of iron and steel output

The taking over of government in Russia by socialist under the leadership of Lenin and subsequent establishment of the world's first communist regime is called the 'October Revolution'.

(i) Not everyone in Europe wanted a complete transformation of society
(ii) Responses varied from those who accepted that some change was necessary but wished for a gradual shift.
(iii) Yet others wanted to restructure society radically.
(iv) Some were 'conservatives' other were 'liberals' or 'radicals'

The main objective of the Russian Revolutionaries were:
(i) To secure peace and withdrawal of Russia from the First World War.
(ii) Transfer land to the tiller.
(iii) Give control of industry to the workers.
(iv) Nationalise all the banks.
(v) Give equal status to non-Russian nationalities.

The term April Theses relates to the three demands made by Lenin return from exile to Russia in April 1917:
(i) War be brought to a close.
(ii) Land be transferred to the peasants.
(iii) Banks be nationalised.
He wanted the Bolshevik party to rename itself the Communist Party to indicate its radical aims.

(i) Robert Owen
(ii) Louis Blanc

The first Socialist Government was formed in Russia after the October Revolution in 1917

The Civil War in Russia after the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 between the Bolsheviks i.e., 'the Reds' and the 'whites' (pro-Tsarists) and the 'green' (Socialist Revolutionaries) was because:
(i) When the Bolsheviks ordered' land redistribution, the Russian army began to break up. Soldiers who were mostly peasants wished to go home for the redistribution and deserted.
(ii) Non-Bolshevik socialists (the greens) liberals and supporters of the Tsar (the whites) condemned the Bolshevik uprising.
(iii) During 1918 and 1919; the 'greens' (Socialist Revolutionaries) and 'Whites' (Pro-Tourists) controlled most of the Russian empire. They were supported by America, France, British and Japanese troops. All these forces were worried about growth of socialism in Russia.
(iv) In many regions, e.g., Khiva in Central Asia the Bolshevik colonists brutally massacred local nationalists in the name of defending socialism.