Maximilian Robespierre was the leader of the most successful political club,the jacobins. He reigned in France from 1793 to 1794. His period of rule is referred to as the 'Reign of Terro'.

The main objective of the Russian Revolutionaries were:
(i) To secure peace and withdrawal of Russia from the First World War.
(ii) Transfer land to the tiller.
(iii) Give control of industry to the workers.
(iv) Nationalise all the banks.
(v) Give equal status to non-Russian nationalities.

Liberals
(i) Liberals were one of the groups which looked to change society. They wanted a 'secular' nation which tolerated all religions.
(ii) They opposed religious discrimination and uncontrolled power of dynastic rulers. They wanted to safeguard the rights of individuals.
(iii) They wanted a representative, elected Parliamentary Government and a well-trained judiciary that was independent of rulers and officials.
Radicals
(i) They wanted a government based on the majority of a country's population. They supported universal adult suffrage, including the vote for women.
(ii) Unlike liberals, they opposed the privileges of great landowners and wealthy factory owners.
(iii) They were not against the existence of private property, but opposed concentration of property in the hands of a few.
Conservatives
(i) They were opposed to liberals and radicals. They generally opposed the idea of change during the 18th century.
(ii) By the 19th century, they accepted that some change was inevitable, but believed it had to be brought about through a slow process.
(iii) They respected old or past traditions and customs.

The Tropic of Cancer runs almost half-way through India. It implies a lot. By it India is divided into two separate climate zones. While the southern part of India lie within the tropics and are rationally hotter than the northern parts, the latter belongs to the sub-tropical or the warm tropical zone of the Northern hemisphere. Secondly, while the area lying to the north of the Tropic of Cancer will never have the midday sun overhead while in areas to the south of the Tropic of Cancer, the sun will be exactly overhead at least twice in a year.

The Indian Desert
(i) The Indian Desert lies in the states of Rajasthan, North Gujarat, South Punjab and Western Haryana.
(ii) It is sandy track. Sand dunes dominate the terrain.
(iii) It is devoid of forests, only shrubs and scrubs are here and there.
(iv) Water scarcity looms large.

Distinction between Central Highlands and deccan Plateau

The Pakistani General who led a military coup in October 1999 was General Pervez Musharraf.

Five arguments in favour of democracy are
(i) A democratic form of government is a better government because it is a more accountable form of government. A democracy requires that the rulers have to attend to the needs of the people.
(ii) Democracy is based on consultation and discussion. Although it takes time, this process reduces the chances of rash and irresponsible decisions. Thus, democracy improves the quality of decision-making.
(iii) Democracy provides a method to deal with differences and conflicts in society. In a diverse country like India, democracy keeps our country together.
(iv) As democracy is based on the principle of political equality, it enhances the dignity of citizens.
(v) Democracy is better than other forms of government because it allows us to correct our own mistakes. In democracy, there is a scope for public discussion on these mistakes

The making of the Constitution for a huge and diverse country like India was not an easy affair. The country was born through a partition which was a traumatic experience.
The major factors which contributed to the making of our Constitution were
(i) At that time, people of India were emerging from the status of subjects to that of citizens. They became conscious of their rights and privileges.
(ii) Our leaders gained confidence to learn from other countries, but on our own terms. Many of them were inspired by the ideals of the French Revolution.
(iii) They were also influenced by the practices of Parliamentary democracy in Britain and the Bill of Rights in the US.

1. Meaning of Policy The Policy of Apartheid was a system of racial discrimination unique to South Africa. It was imposed on the blacks by the white Europeans. In this system, the blacks were forbidden from living in white areas. They could work in white areas only if they had a permit. Trains, buses, taxis, hotels, hospitals, schools, colleges, libraries, cinema halls, theatres, beaches, swimming pools, public toilets, etc were all separate for the whites and the blacks.
2. End of Policy This policy came to an end on 26th April, 1994, when the Republic of South Africa was born with a multi-racial government.

Chaudhary Devi La! formed the new party, Lok Dal.

The three major functions of Election Commission of India are
(i) Election commission takes decisions on every aspect of conduct and control of elections.
(ii) It implements the code of conduct and can punish any candidate or party that violates it.
(iii) It controls the government officers who are posted on the election duty.

I decided not to join the Hitler Youth organisation because it:
(i) nurtures a spirit of violence and aggression and glorify's war.
(ii) condemn's democracy
(iii) very racist, hates Jews, Communists, Gypsies and the disabled.
(iv) subvert's freedom of speech, expression and thought.
(v) contrary to flowering of an individual because the organisation takes over total control.