(i) Axile placentation e.g., China rose, lemon.
(ii) Parietal placentation e.g., cucumber, watermelon.

A taxon represents any category or unit of classification or a rank.

Gymnosperms : Mycorrhizae is a symbiotic relationship that is shown by fungi and the Gymnosperms. Mycorrhiza shows a mutually beneficial relationship between the fungus and the roots of higher plants such as that of Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.

Radula is the rasping organ that helps in feeding.

Dolipores or central pores are barrel-shaped outgrowths present in septa of class-Basidiomycetes (club fungi).

Yes, metabolism occurs due to two phenomena, i.e., anabolism and catabolism. The growth of living things occurs when quantity of anabolic reactions exceeds quantity of catabolic reactions.

Genus represents a group of closely related species of plants or animals.

Systematics refers to study of diversity of kinds of organisms and their relationship.

Animals can be categorized on the basis of their symmetry. Sponges are mostly asymmetrical, i.e., any plane that passes through the centre does not divide them into equal halves.
Radial Symmetry. When any plane passing through the central axis of the body divides the organism into two identical halves, it is called radial symmetry. Coelenterates, ctenophores and echinoderms have this kind of body plan.
Bilateral Symmetry. In certain animals the body can be divided into identical left and right halves in only one plane and this type of symmetry is called bilateral symmetry. Examples: Annelids, Arthropods, Mammals

(a) Root Cap. The root is covered at the apex by a thimble-like structure called the root cap. It protects the tender apex of the root as it makes its way through the soil.
(b) Region of Elongation. A few millimetres above the root cap is the region of meristematic activity. The cells of this region are very small, thin-walled and with dense protoplasm. They divide repeatedly. The cells proximal to this region undergo rapid elongation and enlargement and are responsible for the growth of the root in length. This region is called the region of elongation

(c) Region of Maturation. The cells of the elongation zone gradually differentiate and mature. Hence, this zone, proximal to region of elongation, is called the region of maturation. From this region some of the epidermal cells form very fine and delicate, thread-like structures called root hairs. These root hairs absorb water and minerals from the soil.

During the Jurassic period of Mesozoic era, certain gigantic reptiles roamed on land, swarm in water and flew in the air. these reptiles were called dinosaurs. These animals disappeared during a short time at the end of the cretacean period.
Their extinction occurred due to competition with early mammals or from climatic changes due to the collision must have produced huge dust clouds into air, screening sunlight from the earth. The lack of sunlight would have destroyed vegetation and cooled the atmosphere. These may be the reason for extinction of dinosaurs.
Reasons for successful adaptation on land by reptiles are
(i) Horny scales which reduce loss of water.
(ii) Internal fertilisation as gametes cannot survive on land.
(iii) Shell around the egg to check desiccation.
(iv) Fluid-filled amnion around the embryo to provide aquatic environment for development on land.

A bacterial cell consists of following components
Cell envelope : It is the outer covering of protoplasm of bacterial cell. It contains mucilage sheath, cell wall and plasma membrane.
Cytoplasm : It is a crystallo - colloidal complex that forms the protoplasm excluding its nucleoid. Membrane bound cell organelles are absent. Cytoplasm along with nucleoid are together called as protoplasm.​​​​​​​
Nucleoid : It represents the genetic material of prokaryotes. Nucleoid consists of a single circular strand of DNA duplex which is super coiled with the help of RNA. No nuclear envelope is present.​​​​​​​
Plasmids : these are self-replicating , extrachromosomal segments of double-stranded, circular, naked DNA.​​​​​​​
Flagella : These are unstranded, equivalent to a single microtubular fibre. These help in movement and locomotion.​​​​​​​
Pili and Fimbriae : Pili are longer, fewer and thicker tubular outgrowths made up of protein pilin. Fimbriae are small bristle-like fibres sprouting from cell surface in large number. Pili are helpful in attaching to recipient cell and forming conjugation tube. Fimbriae cause agglutination of RBC.They also help in mutual clinging of bacteria.

(i) Dinoflagellates are unicellular organisms.
(ii) Dinoflagellates are motile in nature. Some of their forms are non-motile in nature.
(iii) Dinoflagellates are found in both marine and freshwater, though mostly in marine form.

a. Gram is the scientist.
b. Gram-positive bacteria and gram negative bacteria. 
c. Those bacteria which take up and retain the gram stain, are called gram positive bacteria.
d. Those bacteria which do not take up the gram stain, are called gram negative bacteria.

(a) Metanephridia
(b) Nephridia
(c) Malpighian tubules
(d) Flame cells
(e) Absent.

Digestion in Frog:
(i) In the stomach digestion of food takes place by the action of Hel and gastric juices secreted from the walls of the stomach.
(ii) Partially digested food called chyme is passed from stomach to the first part of the intestine, the duodenum. The duodenum receives bile from gall bladder and pancreatic juices from the pancreas through a common bile duct.
(iii) Bile emulsifies fat and pancreatic juices digest carbohydrates and proteins. Final digestion takes place in the intestine.
(iv) Digested food is absorbed by the numerous finger-like folds in the inner wall of intestine called villi and microvilli.

Yes, extra genomic DNA is present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
In the case of eukaryotes, extragenomic DNA is present in two organelles e.g. Plastids and mitochondria. Both these organelles with the help of their own DNA, synthesise some of their proteins. Thus, these organelles are known as semiautonomous organelles.
In the case of prokaryotic cells, the extragenomic DNA is present in the form of plasmids. The plasmids are circular DNA molecules, which confer certain unique phenotypic characters to such bacteria. One such character is resistance to bacteria. This plasmid DNA is also used to monitor bacteria transformation with foreign DNA.

In the transverse section of the stem, the springwood and autumnwood appear in the form of distinct concentric circles known as annual rings.One spring wood circle and one autumnwood circle together constitute an annual ring.
Like this, year after year such rings appear and their identity is well-marked.

Dicot root :

Monocot root :

Differences In doicot roots, cortex region is narrow asnd in monocot roots, it is wider.The older roots of dicot plants have a covering of cork, while in monocots, it is covered by exodermis.

Morphology helps us to understand different aspects of plant life-like ecology, genetics etc. Plant Breeding, crop protection, and crop productivity only depend on morphological characteristics like size, shape, thickness and orientation of leaves, number of flowering shoots, etc.

(i) The sporophytes bear sporangia that are subtended by leaf-like appendages called sporophylls.
(ii) Selaginella and Salvinia produce two kinds of spores, i.e. macro and micro are known as heterosporous.
(iii) In pteridophytes,male and female sex organs are called antheridia and archegonia respectiveiy
(iv) No, gymnosperms are an advarced group of kingdom - Plantae with advanced toot foundatíion. Also, gymnosperms produce seed. Thus, pteridophytes cannot surpass the advantages of gymnosperms.
(v) Azolla is a water fern, it plays an important role in maintaining the fertility of rice field by fixing the nitrogen.

(a) A - Epidermal cell
B - Subsidiary cell
C - Guard cell
D - Stomatal pore
(b) C (guard cell) has chloroplasts, but B (subsidiary cell) does not have chloroplasts.

(a) Ecological significance of mosses
(i) Mosses grow as dense mats and prevent soil erosion by reducing the impact of falling rain on soil.
(ii) Along with lichens, they initiate succession on bare rocks.
(b) Sphagnum; it is due to its capacity to hold water.