A newly married couple does not want have children for few years. They consulted a doctor who advised them barrier method and chemical method of birth control. Yet another couple who already have two children and are middle aged also consulted doctor for some permanent solution to avoid unwanted pregnancy. Doctor advised them surgical method of birth control.
(i) What are the barrier methods of birth control?

(ii) How physical barrier prevent pregnancy?
(a) They kill the sperms
(b) They kill the ovum
(c) They prevent sperms from meeting the ovum
(d) They prevent intercourse
(iii) How chemical methods prevent pregnancy?
(a) Vaginal pills contain chemical called spermicides which kill the sperms
(b) Oral pills prevent ovulation so there will be no fertilisation
(c) Oral pills stop menstruation in females
(d) Both (a) and (b)
(iv) Select the correct statement regarding surgical method of birth control.
(a) It involves termination of pregnancies in women particularly after eight weeks of conception
(b) Small portion of sperm duct or vas deferences in males is removed by surgical operation and both cut ends are ligated properly
(c) Small portion of oviducts in females is removed by surgical operation and cut ends are ligated
(d) Both (b) and (c)
(v) Select the correct statement regarding birth control methods.
(a) Barrier method of birth control also protects the couple from sexually transmitted diseases
(b) Some women experience unpleasant side effects on taking oral pills because of change in hormonal balance in body
(c) Surgical method in males is called vasectomy and in females is called tubectomy
(d) All of these

A married woman used a device X made of common metal for preventing pregnancy. This device was put into her uterus by some trained medical professional. Unfortunately she got pregnant after two months of insertion of device. She was in shock to learn that her birth control device has failed.
(i) What is the name of birth control device used by the woman?

(ii) Which metal is commonly used for making device X?

(iii) How does device X prevent pregnancy?
(a) It prevents ovulation
(b) It prevents copulation
(c) It suppresses fertilising capacity of sperm
(d) None of these
(iv) Why do you think the woman got pregnant even after using device X?
(a) Device X might have got expelled without the knowledge of woman
(b) Device X might be defective and was not working from the beginning
(c) Device X could have been destroyed by the uterine fluid
(d) None of these
(v) Select the correct statement regarding device X.
(a) Device X is very effective in preventing sexually transmitted diseases
(b) Device X can be inserted in uterus by woman herself
(c) Device X prevents menstrual cycle in women
(d) Device X can cause heavy painful and longer duration periods or menstruation

X, Y and Z are sexually reproducing organisms. Fertilisation occurs either in external medium (water) or inside the body of organism. Thus two types of gametic fusion are external fertlisation and internal fertilisation. X undergoes external fertilisation whereas Y and Z undergo internal fertilisation. X and Y both release their eggs outside their body.
(i) Select the option that correctly identifies organisms X, Y and Z.

(ii) Select the correct statement regarding organisms X and Y.
(a) Y produces large number of eggs where X produces single egg at a time.
(b) Fertilisation in case of X occurs in water but fertilisation occurs inside the body of Y.
(c) X could be a reptile whereas Y could be fish or amphibian.
(d) Eggs of X are covered by hard calcareous shell whereas eggs ofY are covered in jelly.
(iii) Select the incorrect statement regarding organisms Y and Z.
(a) Y is oviparous whereas Z is viviparous.
(b) Zygote develops to complete baby in the bodies of organism Y and Z.
(c) Y could be a bird or reptile whereas Z could be a mammal.
(d) Both Y and Z copulate with their female counterparts to transfer sperms in their bodies.
(iv) Select the correct match.
(a) Eggs with calcareous shells - Parrot, King Cobra, Salmon
(b) Eggs with jelly covering - Toad, Eagle, Lizard
(c) Eggs without shell - Cat, Dog, Human
(d) Eggs produced in large numbers at a time - Rohu, Human, Python
(v) Why are eggs of animal X covered in jelly?
(a) To keep the eggs moist and offer some protection from predators
(b) To prevent the egg from breaking
(c) To prevent fertilisation of eggs
(d) All of these

Menstrual cycle is the cycle of events taking place in female reproductive organs, under the control of sex hormones, in every 28 days. At an interval of 28 days, a single egg is released from either of two ovaries. Regular menstrual cycle stopped abruptly in a married women. She got herself tested and was happy to discover that she is pregnant with her first baby.
(i) Why menstruation stops in a pregnant female?
(a) The egg gets fertilised so need not to be expelled out of body
(b) Ovulation stops during pregnancy and so do menstruation
(c) Thick uterine lining is needed for proper development of embryo, so that it is retained
(d) All of these
(ii) Select the correct sequence of acts that leads to pregnancy in a female.
A. Fertilisation of egg
B. Ovulation
C. Formation of zygote
D. Implantation

(iii) How is a zygote different from embryo?
(a) Zygote is formed by repeated division of embryo
(b) Zygote is formed by fusion of sperm and egg whereas embryo is formed by fusion of zygote with other zygote
(c) Zygote is single celled but embryo is multicellular
(d) Zygote is formed by fertilisation but embryo is formed without fertilisation
(iv) What change takes place in the uterus of a pregnant female?
(a) Uterine lining becomes thick and vascular
(b) Placenta develops which links the embryo to mother through umbilical cord
(c) Uterus lining containing lots of blood capillaries breaks down
(d) Both (a) and (b)
(v) Select the correct statement.
(a) The average duration of human pregnancy is about nine months
(b) The time period from fertilisation up to the birth of baby is called gestation
(c) If doctor finds any anomaly in the developing fetus then he may terminate pregnancy at an early stage, known as abortion
(d) All of these

X, Y and Z are three sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). X and Z are caused by bacteria whereas Y is caused by virus P. Virus P lowers the immunity of a person and leads to an incurable disease. X starts as painless sores on genitals rectum or mouth. Z causes painful urination and abnormal discharge from genitals.
(i) Select the option that correctly identifies disease X, Y and Z?

(ii) Identify virus P from the given paragraph.
(a) Human papilloma virus
(b) Human adenovirus
(c) Human immunodeficiency virus
(d) Human cytomegalovirus
(iii) What are the symptoms of disease Y?
(a) Weight loss
(b) Fever or night sweats
(c) Fatigue and weakness infections
(d) All of these
(iv) Select the incorrect statement regarding diseases X and Y.
(a) Both X and Y can spread from infected mother to unborn baby during pregnancy
(b) Both X and Y can spread from infected partner to healthy partner by unprotected sex
(c) Y can also spread through use of contaminated needles and blood transfusion
(d) None of these.
(v) How can disease Y be prevented?
(a) By following polygamy and having protected sex
(b) Use of sterilised needles for injecting medicines, blood tests, etc
(c) Collecting blood from unknown donors without background check by blood bank professionals
(d) All of these.