Because of the following reasons, European industrialists preferred hand labour over machines:
(i) There was no shortage of human labour. Poor peasants and labourers moved to the cities in large number in search of work.When there was plenty of labour, wages were low. So industrialists had no problem of labour shortage or high wage costs.
(ii) The demand for labour was seasonal. They need more extra hands before December to meet their peak demand.
(iii) Winter was the time that ships were repaired. Thus production fluctuated with the seasons.
(iv) Certain products were produced only with hand labour.
(v) The upper classes such as aristocrats finished, individually produced by hand

Indian industrial growth suddenly increased during the First World War.
The reasons behind this growth were
(i) With the decline of imports suddenly, Indian mills had a vast domestic market to supply their products.
(ii) As the war continued, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs also, such as jute bags, cloth for uniforms of soldiers, tents, leather boots etc and many other items.
(iii) New factories were set up and old ones organised multiple shifts; many new workers were employed and everyone was made to work for longer hours during the war years.

(i) Before the war, the industrial growth in India was slow.
(ii) The war created a new situation as the British mills started the production to meet the needs of the British.
(iii) So that Manchester imports into India were stopped.
(iv) This was the golden chance to Indian industry to produce good for home supply.
(v) But the British mills alone were unable to fulfil the demands of the British.
(vi) So as the war prolonged Indian factories were called to supply the bags, uniforms, tents boots, horse saddles etc.

(i) Collapse of local and foreign market: Due to industrialisation in Britain, their export market collapsed. as British traders started exporting machine-made-clothes to India, so their local market shrank.
(ii) Shortage of raw material: As raw cotton was being exported to England, there was a shortage of raw materials.
When the American Civil War broke out and the cotton supplies from the United states were cut off. Britain turned to India. As raw cotton exports Iron and increased, the price of raw cotton shot up Weavers in India were starved of supplies and forced to buy raw cotton at higher prices.
(iii) Clashes with Gomasthas: Gomasthas were appointed by the government to supervise weaves to collect supplies and examine the quality of cloth. The Gomasthas acted arrogantly and punished weavers for delays in supply. So the weavers dashed with them.
(iv) System of advances: The Britishers started the system of advances to regularise the supply of cotton and cloth. The weavers eagerly took the advance, in a hope to cam more but they faded to do so they even started losing small plots of land which they had earlier cultivated

(i) European trading companies gained power. First, they acquired trading concessions from local rulers, then monopolised right to trade.
(ii) This resulted in the decline of the old ports of surat and Hooghly
(iii) Exports from the old ports fell dramatically and local bankers slowly went bankrupt.
Impacts:
(a) weavers devoted entire time to weaving. They were forced to accept the prices fixed by the company
(b) There were reports of dashes between weavers and gomasthas. The new gomasthas were outsiders. They acted arrogantly, marched into villages with sepoys and peons, and punished weavers for delays in supply. The weavers lost the space to bargain for prices and sell to different buyers
(c) Weavers deserted villages and migrated, setting up looms in other villages where they had some family relations.