Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
When the mixture contains the three amine salts (1°, 2° and 3°) along with quaternary salt, it is distilled with KOH solution. The three amines distill, leaving the quaternary salt unchanged in the solution. Then the mixture of amines is separated by fractional distillation, Hinsbergs method and Hoffmann's method.

The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most appropriate answer:
(i) Hinsberg reagent is

(ii) Primary amine with Hinsberg's reagent forms

(iii) To separate amines in a mixture Hoffmann's method is used. The Hoffmann's reagent is

(iv) 3^o amines with Hinsberg's reagent give

Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
A mixture of two aromatic compounds (A) and (B) was separated by dissolving in chloroform followed by extraction with aqueous KOH solution. The organic layer containing compound (A), when heated with alcoholic solution of KOH produce C₇H₅N (C) associated with unpleasant odour.
The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most appropriate answer:
The reaction of (A) with alcoholic solution of KOH to produce (C) of unpleasant odour is called

(ii) The alkaline aqueous layer (B) when heated with chloroform and then acidified give a mixture of isomeric compounds of molecular formula C₇H₆O₂. (B) is

(iii) In the chemical reaction, \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{NH}_{2}+\mathrm{CHCl}_{3}+3 \mathrm{KOH} \longrightarrow(A)+(B)+3 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O},\) the compounds (A) and (B)  are respectively

(iv) Direct nitration of an aromatic compound (A) is not feasible because

Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
The amines are basic in nature due to the presence of a lone pair of electron on N-atom of the -NH2 group, which it can donate to electron deficient compounds. Aliphatic amines are stronger bases than NH₃ because of the +1 effect of the alkyl groups. Greater the number of alkyl groups attached to N-atom, higher is the electron density on it and more will be the basicity. Thus, the order of basic nature of amines is expected to be 3° > 2° > 1°, however the observed order is 2° > 1° > 3°. This is explained on the basis of crowding on N-atom of the amine by alkyl groups which hinders the approach and bonding by a proton, consequently, the electron pair which is present on N is unavailable for donation and hence 3° amines are the weakest bases. Aromatic amines are weaker bases than ammonia and aliphatic amines. Electron -donating groups such as -CH₃ , -OCH₃ , etc. increase the basicity while electron-withdrawing substitutes such as -NO₂ , -CN, halogens, etc. decrease the basicity of amines. The effect of these substituents is more at p than at m-positions.
The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most appropriate answer :
(i) Which one of the following is the strongest base in aqueous solution?

(ii) Which order of basicity is correct?

(iii) What ts the decreasing order of basicity of primary, secondary and tertiary ethylamines and NH₃?

(iv) Choose the correct statement.

Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
Amines are alkyl or aryl derivatives of ammonia formed by replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms. Alkyl derivatives are called aliphatic amines and aryl derivatives are known as aromatic amines. The presence of aromatic amines can be identified by performing dye test. Aniline is the simplest example of aromatic amine. It undergoes electrophilic substitution reactions in which - NH₂ group strongly activates the aromatic ring through delocalisation oflone pair of electrons of N-atom. Aniline undergoes electrophilic substitution reactions. Ortho and para positions to the -NH₂ group become centres of high electrons density. Thus, -NH₂ group is ortho and para-directing and powerful activating group. The following questions are multiple choice questions.
Choose the most appropriate answer:
(i) Cyclohexylamine and aniline can be distinguished by

(ii) Which of the following compounds gives-dye test?

(iii) Oxidation of aniline with manganese dioxide and sulphuric acid produces

(iv) Aniline when treated with conc, HNO₃ and H₂SO₄ gives

Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
Amines are basic in nature. The basic strength of amines can be expressed by their dissociation constant, K_b or pK_{b.
\(\mathrm{RNH}_{2}+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{RNH}_{3}^{+}+\mathrm{OH}^{-}\)
\(K_{b}=\frac{\left[R \mathrm{NH}_{3}^{+}\right]\left[\mathrm{OH}^{-}\right]}{\left[R \mathrm{NH}_{2}\right]} \text { and } \mathrm{p} K_{b}=-\log K_{b}\)}
Greater the K_b value or smaller the pK_b value, more is the basic strength of amine. Aryl amines such as aniline are less basic than allphatic amines due to the involvement of lone pair of electrons on N-atom with the resonance in benzene. In derivatives of aniline, the electron releasing groups increase the basic strength while electron withdrawing groups decrease the basic strength. The base weakening effect of electron withdrawing group and base strengthening effect of electron releasing group is more marked at p-position than at m-position. o-Substituted aniline is less basic than aniline due to ortho effect and is probable due to combination of electronic and steric effect.
The following questions are multiple choice questions.Choose the most appropriate answer :
(i) Which of the following has lowest pK_b value?

(ii) The strongest base among the following is

(iii) Maximum pK_b value of

(c) (CH3CH2)2NH	(d) (CH3)2NH

(iv) Which of the following statements is not correct?

Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
RCONH₂ is converted into RNH₂ by means of Hoffmann bromamide degradation. During the reaction amide is treated with Br₂ and alkali to get amine. This reaction is used to descend the series in which carbon atom is removed as carbonate ion (CO₃^2-). Hoffmann bromide degradation reaction can be written as :

The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most appropriate answer:
(i) Hoffmann bromamide degradation is used for the preparation of

(ii) Which is the rate determining step in Hoffmann bromamide degradation?

(iii) Which of the following are used for the conversion of (i) to (ii)?

(iv) What are the constituent amines formed when the mixture of (i) and (ii) undergoes Hoffmann bromamide degradation?

Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
Amines are produced when an alcoholic solution of ammonia and an alkyl or a benzyl halide is heated in a sealed tube at 373 K. This reaction is called ammonolysis and usually gives a mixture of primary, secondary and tertiary amines along with some quarternary ammonium salts. This reaction is an example of nucleophilic substitution reaction in which ammonia acts as a nucleophile due to the presence of a lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom. However this method cannot be used for the preparation of aryl amines. One of the most convenient methods for the preparation of aryl amines is reduction of nitro compounds. Aryl amines can also be prepared by reduction of nitrites or Gabriel phthalimide synthesis.
In these questions (i-iv), a statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
(b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
(d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement. .
(i) Assertion: Ammonolysis of alkyl halides only produces 2^o amines.
Reason: Ammonolysis of alkyl halides involves the reaction between alkyl halides and alcoholic ammonia.
(ii) Assertion: Ammonolysis method cannot be used for the preparation of aryl amines.
Reason: Aryl halides are much less reactive than alkyl halides towards nucleophilic substitution reaction.
(iii) Assertion: Ammonolysis can be used to prepare pure primary amines.
Reason: Ammonolysis of haloalkanes lead to multiple ammonium salts.
(iv) Assertion: Aromatic 1^p amines can not be prepared by Gabriel phthalimide synthesis.
Reason: Aryl halides do not undergo nucleophilic substitution with anion formed by phthalimide.

Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
Aniline activates the benzene ring by increasing electron density at ortho- and para-positions. Hence, it is o-, p-directing. -NH₂ group strongly activates the ring therefore it is difficult to stop the reaction at monosubstitution stage. Among electrophilic substitution reaction, direct nitration of aniline is not done to get o- and p-nitroaniline because lone pair of electrons present at nitrogen atom will accept proton from nitrating mixture to give anilinium ion which is meta-directing. Aniline with NaNO₂ and HCl forms benzene diazonium chloride at very low temperature. Aromatic amines react with nitrous acid to form a yellow oily liquid known as N-nitrosoamines.
In these questions ( i-iv), a statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
(b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
(d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
(i) Assertion: Nitrating mixture used for carrying out nitration of benzene consists of cone. conc. HNO₃ +conc. H₂SO₄ .
Reason: In presence of H₂SO₄ , HNO₃ acts as a base and produces NO₂⁺ ions.
(ii) Assertion: Anilinium chloride is more acidic than ammonium chloride.
Reason: Anilinium ion is not resonance-stabilised.
(iii) Assertion: Nitrobenzene can be prepared from benzene by using mixture of conc. HNO₃ and conc. H₂SO₄ .
Reason: In the mixture,H₂SO₄ act as a acid.
(iv) Assertion: In strongly acidic solution, aniline becomes less reactive towards electrophilic reagents.
Reason: The amino group being completely protonated in strongly acidic solution, the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen is no longer available for resonance.

Amines are classified as primary, secondary and tertiary amines. Primary amines cannot be obtained by ammonolysis of alkyl halide because we will get mixture of 1°, 2 c and 3° amines. Cyanides, on reduction give primary amines where as isocyanides on reduction give secondary amines. Nitro compounds, on reduction also give primary amines. Primary amines react with CHCI₃ and KOH to form foul smelling isocyanide. They react with HNO₂ and liberate N₂ gas. They react with Hinsberg's reagent to form salt soluble in KOH. Secondary amine form yellow oily compounds with HNO₂ and salt formed with C₆H₅SO₂CI, is insoluble in KOH. 3° amines form salt soluble in water with HNO₂ but does not react with C6Hs SO₂CI.
Diazonium salts are prepared by reaction of Aniline with NaNO₂ and conc. HCI at 0 - 5 0c. Aromatic diazonium salts are more stable because phenyl diazonium ion is stabilized by resonance. Benzene diazonium chloride can be used to prepare halo benzene, phenol, nitro benzene, benzene, p-hydroxy azo benzene (azo dye) and large number of useful compounds.
(a) Write the isomer of C₃H₉N which does not react with Hinsberg reagent.
 on heating with CHCI₃ and KOH gives 'X'. Identify 'X'.
(c) Convert Aniline to phenol.
(d) Distinguish between Aniline and ethyl amine.
(e) Complete the following reaction
\(\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{NO}_{2} \stackrel{\mathrm{Fe} / \mathrm{HCl}}{\longrightarrow} \mathrm{A} \frac{\mathrm{NaNO}_{2}+\mathrm{HCl}}{0-5^{\circ} \mathrm{C}} \mathrm{B}\) Identify' A' and 'B'.
(f) \(\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{~N}_{2}^{+} \mathrm{Cl}^{\mathrm{CuCN}} \longrightarrow \mathrm{A} \stackrel{\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O} / \mathrm{H}^{+}}{\longrightarrow} \mathrm{B}\) Identify 'A' and 'B'.
(g) What is use of quarternary ammonium salts of long chain tertiary amines?​​​​​​

Organic compounds containing amine as functional group are present in wide variety of compounds namely amino acids, hormones, neurotransmitters, DNA, alkaloids, dyes etc. Drugs including nicotine, morphine, codein, heroin etc. which have physiological effects on human also contain -NH₂ group in one form or another. Amines are basic in nature due to presence of lone pair of electron on nitrogen. Adrenaline hormone and ephedrine drug, both contain second amino group are used for increasing blood pressure. Novacain, a synthetic compound contains both primary ana tertiary amino group, is used as anaesthetic in dentistry. Benadryl, a widely used antihistamine drug contains tertiary amino group, Quarternary ammonium salts of long chain, tertiary amines are used as cationic detergents. Diazonium salts are used for synthesis of azodyes and useful aromatic compounds.
(a) Write the formula of tertiary amine with molecular formula C₃H₉N, which does not react with Hinsberg reagent?
(b) Convert Aniline to p-hydroxy azo benzene.
(c) Give one example of cationic detergent.
(d) What is formula of paracetamol, (crosin), a well known antipyretic?
(e) How will you distinguish between Aniline and Benzyl amine?

Observe the histogram showing boiling points of pentane, iso pentane, 1°,2° and 3 ° amines. Answer the questions that follow based on table and related concepts.

(a) Why does CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂NH₂ (1° amine) has higher boiling point than (C₂H₅)₂NH and C₂H₅N(CH₃ )₂?
(b) Why does ethanol have higher boiling point than ethanamine?
(c) Why amines are more basic than alcohol?
(d) Why are Primary amines more soluble in water than 2° and 3° amines?
(e) Arrange the compounds shown in graph, increasing order of boiling points. Give reason.

Table relates various amines with pK_b values. Study this table and answer the questions related to table and studied concepts.

(a) Arrange CH₃NH₂ , (CH₃ )NH, (CH₃)₃N in decreasing order of basic character in aqueous solution. Give reason.
(b) Arrange C₂H₅NH₂, (C₂H₅)₂NH, (C₂H₅)₃N in decreasing order of basic character in aq. solution. Give reason.
(c) Arrange, C₆H₅CH₂NH₂, C₆H₅NH₂ ,C₆H₅N(CH₃)₂  in increasing order or basic character.
(d) Arrange CH₃NH₂ , (CH₃)₂NH, (CH₃)₃N in increasing order of basic character in gaseous state. Give reason.
(e) Why is Aniline less basic than benzyl amine?