Insulin deficiency occurs due to destruction of \(\beta \)-cells of the pancreas.

Type-2 Non-Insulin Dependent diabetes mellitus.

Obesity is due to genetic factors, physical inactivity, eating habits (overeating) and endocrine factors.

(i) For diabetic patients, the food to be avoided are:
a. Refined sugars (sucrose and glucose).
b. Saturated fat intake should be reduced.
These food release sugars rapidly in the blood stream.
(ii) The food to be included in diabetic patients are:
a. Flax seeds containing insoluble fiber, Guavas, Tomatoes and Spinach.
b. Diet comprising whole grains, millets (jowar, bajra, ragi), green leafy vegetables, wheat and unpolished rice should be included in diet regularly. These foods help reduce blood sugar levels.

Carbon monoxide of tobacco smoke binds to haemoglobin of RBC and decreases its oxygen carrying capacity causing hypoxia in body tissues.

(i) Persons who consume these drugs become fully dependent on them, they cannot live without drugs.
(ii) It does by switching on brain circuits that makes one feel wonderful or feel good.
(iii) Physical addiction occurs once a person is unable to stop drinking because of anxiety, shakiness and on the more extreme end, seizures, severe shaking, confusion and hallucinations.
(iv) At a chemical level, it hits multiple areas in the brain and at a psychological level, they are unable to function without it.

(i) Diet Management: 
a) Reduction in the intake of calories, low saturated fat, and cholesterol rich food, low carbohydrates, and common salt are some of the dietary modifications.
b) Diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is essential.
c) Increase in the intake of fiber diet, fruits, and vegetables, protein, minerals, and vitamins are required.
(ii) Physical activity:
Regular exercise, walking, and yoga are essential for body weight maintenance.
(iii) Addictive substance avoidance:
Alcohol consumption and smoking are to be avoided.

(i) Cancer is an abnormal and uncontrolled division of cells that invade and destroy surrounding tissues forming a tumor neoplasm (new growth).
(ii) It is a heterogenous group of cells that do not respond to the normal cell division.
(iii) The cancerous cells migrate to distant parts of the body and affect new tissues.

(i) Regular physical exercise reduces the risk of heart attack.
(ii) It manages, our weight better.
(iii) Regular exercise has a lower blood cholesterol level.
(iv) It lowers the risk of type 2 diabetes and some cancer.
(v) Those who does regular physical exercise have lower blood pressure.
(vi) They have stronger bones, muscles and joints and lower risk of developing chronic disorders.

(i) These foods are high in sugar and fats and low in nutritional value. It is important to eat more balanced, whole foods and avoid junk food.
(ii) We can make special food preparations make of healthy cereals and millets.
(iii) Attractive snacks made of healthy fiber food can be prepared.

a) If both Assertion and Reason are true Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

Diabetes mellitus