Marketing philosophies are:
(i) Production concept.
(ii) Product concept.
(iii) Selling concept.
(iv) Marketing concept.
(v) Societal marketing concept.
Difference between different marketing philosophies

Marketing consists of all those activities, which involve satisfaction of consumer's need. It is the process by which products are matched with needs and through which the consumer is able to use and enjoy the product.
(i) Product designing and development
The design of a product not only helps to make it attractive, but also helps in improving its performance, providing it a competitive advantage over the other products present in the market.
(ii) Standardisation and grading
Standardisation refers to the process of setting standards regarding quality, piece, packaging, technology, equipment, etc for the production of a product. This ensures uniformity and consistency product. This ensures uniformity and consistency product. This ensures uniformity and consistency in output and reduces the need for inspection, testing and evaluation of the products.
Grading is the process of classifying the products into different groups, on the basis of quality, size, features, etc.
It is necessary for such goods which are not produced according to predetermined specifications, such as agricultural goods. Grading ensures that the goods belong to a particular quality and helps the marketer to fix prices easily.
(iii) Customer support serices
Customer support services refer to the after sales services, handling of complaints, credit services, maintenance services and consumer information provided along with the product to the consumers.
It aims at providing maximum satisfaction to the consumer. It helps in bringing repeated sales and developing brand loyalty for the product.
(iv) Pricing of products
Pricing refers to the process of determining the price of a product refers to the amount of money that the customer has to pay in order to obtain a product from the market.
The marketers have to analyse a number of factors such as pricing objectives, pricing strategies, demand, cost, competition, etc to decide the price of a product.
Generally, lower the price, higher would be demand of the product. Therefore, it is considered as one of the most crucial decision in marketing.

(i) Objective
Price of a product depends upon the firm's objective. A firm may decide out of several objectives, e.g. profit maximisation, a specific level of profit, target level of sales, a particular share of the market, prevailing market price, etc.
The price fixed for the product must be in line with the firm's pricing objective.
(ii) Cost
Essentially, retail prices are cost of production and distribution plus the profit margins. No business can survive for long without covering its costs.
(iii) Competition
Prices charged by competitors often act as the guide in a pricing decision. e.g. Maruti Udyog has to decide the price of its Zen and Alto cars keeping in view competing brands like Santro, Indica and Palio.
(iv) Buying motives
A customer may pay a high price to satisfy his vanity. This happens when an article is purchased for status or prestige.
Price must be consistent with the desired public image of the product.

Difference between advertising and personal selling

(i) Discount
When products are offered to customers at a price, less than the price, the difference between the list price and the price offered is known as discount. e.g. a shoe company's offer of 'discount upto 50%'.
(ii) Product combination
Offering a product along with another product is called product combination. e.g. buy a cell phone and get a sim card free, buy Maggie ketchup and get Maggie Noodles free, etc.
(iii) Financing
It refers to the offer of sale in return of payment in easy installments without any interest charges thereon. This is usually available on vehicles, electronics and consumer durables.
(iv) Lucky draw
A firm on purchases of a fixed amount gives a coupon to a customer, which entitles them for a lucky draw. e.g. Bikaner restaurant in particular season gives lucky draw coupon on purchase of 200 or more, to its customers, which entitles them to win exciting prizes like car, LCDs, etc.

The differences between marketing and selling are (any five)

Define marketing
Marketing management refers to planning, organising, directing and control of the activities which facilitate exchange of goods and services between producers and consumers of products and services.
The focus of marketing management is the satisfaction of consumers' needs and wants.
Objectives of Marketing Management
The objectives of marketinfg Management are:
(i) Creation and management of demand.
(ii) Consumer satisfaction.
(iii) Attainment of organisations objectives.

Following factors influence choice of medium of advertisement. The success of an advertisement depends upon the media used. Therefore, due care should be taken in selecting the media of advertising. While choosing an appropriate advertising media, following factors should be kept in view :
(i) Selectivity : This refers to the ability of a medium to reach a particular audience. Illiterate and poor people can be approached through radio, films and television. Newspaper, magazines, outdoor displays and direct mail may be used to convey the message to the educated.
(ii) Coverage : This refers to the size of audience the medium can reach. Advertising in local market can be done profitably through local newspapers, films and outdoor displays. Newspapers, magazines and direct mail are more appropriate media for advertising in national and international markets.
(iii) Flexibility : It refers to the speed and ease with which an advertisement can be placed in a medium, changed or deleted. For example, it is very difficult to change an advertisement given on TV. But it is easier to do so on posters newspapers, etc.
(iv) Cost :It refers to the payment or charges for buying a certain amount of time or space. Therefore, amount of funds available for advertising and the cost of the media are important considerations.
(v) Editorial environment : It refers to the nature of information or entertainment material that surrounds the advertisement. Consumer products such a as toothpaste, cold drinks, soaps, etc. should be advertised through newspapers, radio films and outdoor displays. On the other hand, industrial goods like raw materials, tools, machinery, etc. can be advertised better in technical and professional magazines.
(vi) Performance : This refers to the durability of the medium.
(vii) Objectives of advertising : When the objective is to introduce a new product or to fight competition, a combination of various media may be used.
(viii) Media used by competitors : The media used by competitors also influences the choice of the advertising media.
(ix) Type of message : Small advertisements can be given economically in radio, TV. etc. But for large advertisements, newspapers, magazines and films are more appropriate.

Packaging and  Labelling
Packaging refers to designing and developing the package for a product. Package refers to the wrapper or container, Which not only provides protection to the product, but also acts as a promotional tool for it.
Labelling refers to designing and developing the label to be put on the package. A label is a carrier of information. It may be a simple tag or a complex graphic providing details about the product.
Branding
Branding refers to the process of giving a name, sign, symbol or a combination of all to a product for creating its identification.  It helps to differentiate the product from other products available in the market. It also helps to build customer's loyalty and promoting its sales.
Promotion
Promotion refers to the process of informing the customers about the product and then persuading them to buy it. The popular methods of promotion, personal selling and public relations.
A marketer uses the promotion mix i.e. combination of various promotional tools according to their budget, nature of customers, nature of product, coverage, cost, etc. 
Transportation
Transportation involves physical movement of goods from one place to another. While production of a good takes place at a place, its consumers are spread over a vast area. Therefore, it is necessary to make available these goods to places where they are needed.
Thus, transportation helps to create 'Place-utility'. Various factors such as nature of product, cost, location of target markets, etc are considered while taking decision regarding the mode of transportation to be used.
Storage and Warehousing
Usually, there is a time gap between production or procurement of goods and their sales. Therefore, it is necessary to make arrangement for storage of goods in the market.
It also helps to avoid delays in delivery , meeting contingencies in demand and stabilising the prices of products in the market. Thus, it helps to create 'time-utility'. It is performed by intermediaries such as wholesalers, retailers, manufacturers, etc for the marketer.
Product designing and development
The design of a product not only helps to make it attractive, but also helps in improving its performance, providing it a competitive advantage over the other products present in the market.
Standardisation and grading
Standardisation refers to the process of setting standards regarding quality, piece, packaging, technology, equipment, etc for the production of a product. This ensures uniformity and consistency product. This ensures uniformity and consistency product. This ensures uniformity and consistency in output and reduces the need for inspection, testing and evaluation of the products.
Grading is the process of classifying the products into different groups, on the basis of quality, size, features, etc.
It is necessary for such goods which are not produced according to predetermined specifications, such as agricultural goods. Grading ensures that the goods belong to a particular quality and helps the marketer to fix prices easily.
Pricing of products
Pricing refers to the process of determining the price of a product refers to the amount of money that the customer has to pay in order to obtain a product from the market.
The marketers have to analyse a number of factors such as pricing objectives, pricing strategies, demand, cost, competition, etc to decide the price of a product.
Generally, lower the price, higher would be demand of the product. Therefore, it is considered as one of the most crucial decision in marketing.
Gathering and analysing market information
In order to identify the needs and wants of customers, the marketer gathers market information. He analyses the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats of the enterprise. Such analysis helps the marketer to take decisions regarding diversification, improvement in product, expanding markets, etc. For this purpose, computers and online sites are increasingly used.
Marketing planning
After market research, the marketer has to develop an appropriate marketing plan to achieve the marketing objective of the organisation. It involves taking decisions as to what activities will have to be undertaken to achieve a marketing objective.
Customer support services
Customer support services refer to the after sales services, handling of complaints, credit services, maintenance services and consumer information provided along with the product to the consumers.
It aims at providing maximum satisfaction to the consumer. It helps in bringing repeated sales and developing brand loyalty for the product.
Physical distribution
Physical distribution covers all the activities required to physically move the goods from manufacturers to the customers. The two major decision areas under this Function are:
(i) Decision regarding channels of distribution.
(ii) Physical movement of goods from the place where it is produced to the place of consumption. It involves major decisions and activities like storage, warehousing, inventory control, transportation, etc.