\(\underset { Mehylbromide }{ { CH }_{ 3 }-Br } \underrightarrow { Na{ N }_{ 3 } } \underset { Methylazide }{ { CH }_{ 3 }-N_{ 3 } } \underrightarrow { LiAl{ H }_{ 4 } } \underset { Methylamine }{ { CH }_{ 3 }{ NH }_{ 2 }+{ N }_{ 2 } } \)
X is CH₃N₃ - Methyl azide
Y is CH₃NH₂ - Methyl amine

(a) Blood is a colloidal sol. When we rub the injured part with moist alum, coagulation of blood takes place.
(b) Coagulation stops bleeding. Moist alum is an electrolyte.

a) Primary and secondary nitroalkanes, having α-H, also show an equilibrium mixture of two tautomers namely nitro - and aci - form

b) Difference:

Aspirin is o-acetyl salicylic acid

(i) Many micro organisms (bacteria, fungi and moulds) produce certain chemicals which inhibit the growth or metabolism of some other micro organism. Such chemicals are called antibiotics.
(ii) Eg: Penicillin from the mould penicillium notatum

Tetraammine copper (II) sulphate.

(i) This is also called as salt isomerism.
(ii) This type of isomers arises when an ambidentate ligand is bonded to the central metal atom/ion through either of its two different donor atoms. In the below mentioned examples, the nitrite ion is bound to the central metal ion Co³⁺ through a nitrogen atom in one complex and through oxygen atom in other complex.
\(\left[\mathrm{Co}\left(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\right)_{5}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{2}\right)\right]^{2+}\)

Medicinal uses
(i) Ca-EDTA chelate, is used in the treatment of lead and radioactive poisoning.
(ii) That is for removing lead and radioactive metal ions from the body.
(iii) Cis-platin is used as an antitumor drug in cancer treatment.
Biological Importance compounds:-
(i) Fe²⁺ - porphyrin complex: It plays an important role in carrying oxygen from lungs to tissues and tissue carbon dioxide from to lungs.
(ii) Chlorophyll - useful in photosynthesis in plants.

Gomberg reaction :
Benzene diazonium chloride reacts with benzene in the presence of sodium hydroxide to give biphenyl. This reaction in known as the Gomberg reaction

Gabriel phthalimide synthesis:
Gabriel synthesis is used for the preparation of Aliphatic primary amines. Phthalimide on treatment with ethanolic KOH forms potassium salt of phthalimide which on heating with alkyl halide followed by alkaline hydrolysis gives primary amine. Aniline cannot be prepared by this method because the arylhalides do not undergo nucleophilic substitution with the anion formed by phthalimide.

(i) Doubles salts are those molecular or addition compounds which exist in a solid state but dissociate into constituents ions when dissolved in water. Ex: Mohr salt \(\mathrm{FeSO}_{4} .\left(\mathrm{NH}_{4}\right)_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4} \cdot 6 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\)
(ii) Coordination compounds are those molecular or addition compounds which retained their identity in aqueous solution and shows property entirely different from their constituent ions. Ex: Potassium ferrocyanide: \(\mathrm{K}_{4}\left[\mathrm{Fe}(\mathrm{CN})_{6}\right]\)

(i) An organic compound (A) with molecular formula C₆H₇N is identified as Aniline C₆H₅NH₂
(ii) Aniline on treatment with HNO₂ / HCl at 273 K gives a clear solution of Benzene diazonium chloride C₆H₅N₂CI the compound (B).
\({ C }_{ 6 }{ H }_{ 5 }{ NH }_{ 2 }+{ HNO }_{ 2 }\xrightarrow [ 273K ]{ NCl } \underset { Benzene \ diazonium \ chloride }{ { C }_{ 6 }{ H }_{ 5 }{ N }_{ 2 }Cl } \)
(iii) An aqueous solution of benzene diazonium chloride on heating gives phenol C₆H₅OH and it is compound (C).
\({ C }_{ 6 }{ H }_{ 5 }{ N }_{ 2 }Cl+{ HOH }\underrightarrow { \triangle } { C }_{ 6 }{ H }_{ 5 }OH-{ N }_{ 2 }+HCl\)

(i) Certain substances when added to a catalysed reaction decreases or completely destroys the activity of catalyst and they are often known as catalytic poisons.
For example,
(ii) In the reaction, 2SO₂ + O₂ ⟶ 2SO₃ with a Pt catalyst, the poison is As₂O₃
(iii) i.e., As₂O₃ destroys the activity of Pt. As₂O₃ blocks the activity of the catalyst. So, the activity is lost.

(i) Purification of drinking water is activated by coagulation of suspended impurities in water by using alums containing \(\mathrm{Al}^{3+}\left(\mathrm{K}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4} \mathrm{Al}_{2}\left(\mathrm{SO}_{4}\right)_{3} \cdot 24 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)\) Alum has a negative charge and tends to disperse in water very fast.
(ii) The increased size as well as the lack of repelling charges cause the alum particles to settle down at the bottom or rise up and float in water. After the particles are neutralized, they clump together because of the London dispersive force which are part of vander Waal's forces. The weak inter molecular force arising from quantum induced instantaneous polarisation multi poles in molecules causes even non polar particles to attract each other due to the corelated movements of the electrons in interacting molecules. Then they settle down.

(i) Monomers :Ethylene glycol and terepathalic acid (or) dimethyl terephthalate.
(ii) Catalyst : Zinc acetate and antimony trioxide.
(iii) Temperature : 500 K
(iv) Product : Terylene

(v) Uses : blending with cotton or wool fibres and as glass reinforcing materials in safety helmets

(i) Preservatives are chemicals added to food which are capable of inhibiting, retarding or arresting the process of fermentation, acidification or other decomposition of food by the growth of micro organisms (or)
(ii) Chemical substances which are added to food that prevents the spoilage of food materials by destroying the food - spoiling micro-organisms are called food preservatives.
(iii) Eg: sodium benzoate, NaCl, Acetic acid Sodium metabisulphite, potassium meta bisulphite etc.

These two are ionisation isomers. [Co(NH₃)₅Cl]SO₄ gives white precipitate with BaCl₂ solution, but not with AgNO₃ solution. [Co(NH₃)₅SO₄]Cl gives curdy white precipitate with AgNO₃ solution but not with BaCl₂ solution.

\(\text {(a) }\left[\mathrm{Cr}\left(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\right)_{6}\right]^{3+}:{ }_{24} \mathrm{Cr} \Rightarrow{ }_{18}[\mathrm{Ar}] 4 \mathrm{~s}^{2} 3 \mathrm{~d}^{4} \)
\({ }_{21} \mathrm{Cr}^{3+} \Rightarrow{ }_{18}[\mathrm{Ar}] 3 \mathrm{~d}^{3}\)

(i) d²sp³ hybridisation (octahedral)
(ii) It has three unpaired electrons (n = 3)
(iii) So it is paramagnetic
(iv) Magnetic moment \(\left(\mu_{\mathrm{s}}\right)=\sqrt{\mathrm{n}(\mathrm{n}+2)} \mathrm{BM}\)
\(=\sqrt{3(3+2)}=\sqrt{15}=3.87 \mathrm{BM}\)
\((b) \ \left[\mathrm{Ni}(\mathrm{CN})_{4}\right]^{2-:}{ }_{28} \mathrm{Ni} \Rightarrow[\mathrm{Ar}] 4 \mathrm{~s}^{2} 3 \mathrm{~d}^{8} ;{ }_{26} \mathrm{Ni}^{2+} \Rightarrow{ }_{18}[\mathrm{Ar}] 3 \mathrm{~d}^{8}\)

(i) dsp² hybridisation
(ii) Geometry - square planar
(iii) No unpaired electrons- It is Diamagnetic
(iv) Magnetic moment (μ_s) = 0.

(i) \(\left[\mathrm{Ni}(\mathrm{CO})_{4}\right]\)

Strong field ligand causes the pairing of 4s electron with 3d e^- in the metal.

(i) sp³ hybridisation
(ii) n = 0
(iii) It is diamagnetic
(iv) Tetrahedral geometry
(v) Magnetic moment μ_s = 0
(ii) \(\left[\mathrm{Ni}(\mathrm{CN})_{4}\right]^{4-}\)

Strong field ligand causes the pairing of 3d electrons in their metal.

(i) Co-ordination number = 4
(ii) dsp² hybridisation
(iii) Square planar complex
(iv) n = 0
(v) Hence diamagnetic
(vi) Magnetic moment \(\mu_{\mathrm{s}}=\sqrt{\mathrm{n}(\mathrm{n}+2)}=0\).

(i) Strongly Acidic Medium: When reduced with tin and hydrochloric acid, aromatic nitro compounds are converted to aryl amines.
\({ C }_{ 6 }{ H }_{ 5 }{ NO }_{ 2 }+6[H]\xrightarrow [ or \ Fe/con.HCl ]{ Sn/con.HCl } \underset { Aniline }{ { C }_{ 6 }{ H }_{ 5 }{ NH }_{ 2 }+2 } { H }_{ 2 }Oor\)
(ii) Neutral Medium: When reduced with a neutral, reducing agents like zinc dust and aqueous ammonium chloride, aromatic nitro compounds form aryl hydroxylamines.
\({ C }_{ 6 }{ H }_{ 5 }{ NO }_{ 2 }+4[H]\xrightarrow [ ]{ Zn/{ NH }_{ 4 }Cl } \underset { Phenyl\quad hydroxylamine }{ { C }_{ 6 }{ H }_{ 5 }{ NH }OH+ } { H }_{ 2 }O\)
(iii) Alkaline Medium: In alkaline medium, Nitro benzene on reduction forms the intermediate products nitro so benzene (C₆H₅NO) and phenyl hydroxylamine (C₆H₅NHOH). These undergo bimolecular condensation reaction. According to the appropriate reducing agent in alkaline medium different products are obtained.

(iv) Catalytic Reduction: Lithium Aluminium hydride is a powerful hydride ion donor. So it reduces nitro benzene to Aniline. This reduction can also be carried out by H/Ni.
\({ C }_{ 6 }{ H }_{ 5 }{ NO }_{ 2 }\underrightarrow { LiAl{ H }_{ 4 } } { C }_{ 6 }{ H }_{ 5 }{ NH }_{ 2 }[Aniline]\)
\({ C }_{ 6 }{ H }_{ 5 }{ NO }_{ 2 }\frac { { N }_{ 2 }/Ni }{ Catalytic \ hydrognation } { C }_{ 6 }{ H }_{ 5 }{ NH }_{ 2 }\)
(v) Electrolytic Reduction: When nitro benzene is reduced electrolytically in presence of concentrated sulphuric acid, phenyl hydroxylamine is first produced which rearranges to give p-amino phenol.

(i) For a chemical reaction, catalyst is needed in very small quantity.
(ii) There may be some physical changes, but the catalyst remains unchanged in mass and chemical composition in a chemical reaction.
(iii) A catalyst itself cannot initiate a reaction. 
(iv) A solid catalyst will be more effective if it is taken in a finely divided form.
(v) A catalyst are specific in nature.
(vi) In an equilibrium reaction, presence of catalyst reduces the time for attainment of equilibrium and hence it does not affect the position of equilibrium and the value of equilibrium constant.
(vii) A catalyst is highly effective at a particular temperature called as optimum temperature.
(viii) Presence of a catalyst generally does not change the nature of products

The intermediate compound formation theory :
A catalyst acts by providing a new path with low energy of activation. In homogeneous catalysed reactions a catalyst may combine with one or more reactant to form an intermediate which reacts with other reactant or decompose to give products and the catalyst is regenerated.
Consider the reactions :
A+B➝AB; C is the catalyst .............(1)
A + C ➝ AC (intermediate) ..........(2)
AC + B ⟶ AB + C ...............(3)
Example 1:
The mechanism of Fridel crafts reaction is given below
\({ C }_{ 6 }{ H }_{ 6 }+{ { CH }_{ 3 }Cl\overset { anhydrous\\ { AlCl }_{ 3 } }{ \longrightarrow } }{ C }_{ 6 }{ H }_{ 5 }{ CH }_{ 3 }+HCl\) 
The action of catalyst is explained as follows
CH₃Cl + AlCl₃ ⟶ [CH₃]⁺ [AlCl₄]^-
It is an intermediate.
\({ C }_{ 6 }{ H }_{ 6 }+\left[ { CH }_{ 3 }^{ + } \right] \left[ { AlCl }_{ 4 } \right] ^{ - }\longrightarrow { C }_{ 6 }{ H }_{ 5 }{ CH }_{ 3 }+{ AlCl }_{ 3 }+Hcl\) 
Example 2:
\({ { 2KClO }_{ 3 }\overset {\\ { MnO }_{ 3 } }{ \longrightarrow } }{ 2KCl }+{ 3O }_{ 2 }\)
Thermal decomposition of KCIO₃ in the presence of MnO₂ proceeds as follows. Steps in the reaction
2KCIO₃ ⟶ 2KCI + 3O₂ Can be given as
2KClO₃ + 6MnO₂   →  6MnO₃ + 2KCl
It is an intermediate
6MnO₃ → 6MnO₂ + 3O₂
Example 3:
Formation of water due to the reaction of H₂ and O₂ in the presence of Cu can be given as
H₂ + 1/2O₂ → H₂O 
2Cu + \(\frac{1}{2}\)O₂   → Cu₂O
It is an intermediate.
Cu₂O + H₂  → H₂O + 2Cu
Advantages:
This theory describes
(a) The specificity of a catalyst and
(b) The increase in the rate of the reaction with increasc inthe concentration of a catalyst
Limitations:
(a) The intermediate compound theory fails to explain the action of catalytic poison and activators (promoters).
(b) This theory is unable to explain the mechanism of heterogeneous catalysed reactions.

(i) Thermoplastic: They become soft on heating and hard on cooling. They can be remolded
E.g. polythene, PVC, polystrene
(ii) Thermo setting : Do not be come soft on heating set to an infusible mass upon heating.
E.g. bakelite, melamine, formaldehyde

Narcotic drugs: [Opioids]
(i) These are narcotic analgesics. These relieve pain and produce sleep. These drugs are addictive. In poisonous dose, these produces coma and ultimately death.
(ii) They are used for either short-term or long term relief of severe pains. They are mainly used for post operative pain, pain of terminal cancer.
(iii) Eg: Morphine, Codeine
Non-narcotic drugs:
(i) These are non- narcotic analgesics. These reduce the pain without causing impairment of consciousness.
(ii) They alleviate pain by reducing local inflammatory responses.
(iii) These are used for short-term pain relief and for modest pain like headache, muscle strain, bruising or arthritis.
(iv) These drugs have many other effects such as reducing fever (antipyretic) and preventing platelet coagulation (eg. aspirin).
(v) These reduce fever by causing the hypothalamus to over ride a prostaglandin - induced increase in temperature.
(vi) Eg. Aspirin, Paracetamol, Ibuprofen. There are two types in it.
a) Anti inflammatory: eg: Aspirin, Paracetamol
b) Non steroidal anti -inflammatory drugs: (NSAIDs) eg: Ibuprofen

[Ni (H₂O)₆]²⁺

It has two unpaired electrons. So there is d-d transition. Hence it is green coloured.
[Ni(CN)₄]^2-

There is no unpaired electrons. So it is colourless, as there is no d-d transition.

Most of the elements exhibit, two types of valence namely primary valence and secondary valence and each element tend to satisfy both the valences.
The primary valence is referred the oxidation state of the metal atom.
The secondary valence as the coordination number. For example, according to Werner, the primary and secondary valences of cobalt are 3 and 6 respectively.
The primary valence of a metal ions ae always satisfied by negative ions.
For example in the complex CoCI₃.6NH₃. The primary valence of Co is +3 and is satisfied by 3CI^- ions.
The secondary valence is satisfied by negative ions, neutral molecules, positive ions or the combination of these.
For example, in CoCl₃.6NH₃ complex primary valence of cobalt +3 and it is satisfied by 3 CI^-.
The secondary valence of cobalt is 6 and is satisfied by six neutral ammonia molecules. where as in CoCI₆.NH₃. 
Secondary valence of Co = 5{It is satisfied five neutral molecules and a Cl^- ion}
According to Werner, there are two spheres of attraction around a metal atom/ion in a complex.

The inner /coordination sphere:
The groups present in this sphere are firmly attached to the metal.
The outer sphere / ionisation sphere:
The groups present in this sphere are loosely bound to the central metal ion and hence can be separated into ions upon dissolving the complex in a suitable solvent.
The primary valencies are non-directional. while the secondary valencies are directional.
The geometry of the complex is determined by the special arrangement of the groups which satisfy the secondary valence.

The incorrect statement is option (n)
Physisorption is an exothermic process. Hence increases in temperature decreases the Physisorption

The complex is [M(H₂O)₅Cl]Cl₂
1000 ml of 1 M solution of the complex gives 2 moles of Cl^- ions 1000 ml of 0.01 M solution of the complex will give 
\(\frac{100 ml \times 0.01M \times 2Cl^-}{1000 ml \times 1M}\)
= 0.002 moles of Cl^- ions