First, Tamil is of ample ancientness. It predates the literatures of other modern Indian languages. One of the evidences is the Tolkappiyam that dates back to about 200 BCE. Second, Tamil. is the only literary tradition native of India without any influence from any other Indian languages including Sanskrit. Tamil has its own poetic theory, its own grammatical tradition, its own aesthetics and rich and vast intellectual tradition. Thirdly, the nicety, solidity of its works, their varied scope and their universality qualify Tamil to stand as one of the greatest classical literatures of the world. Finally, Tamil is one of the primary independent sources of modern Indian culture and tradition. The great sacred works of Tamil Hinduism begin with the Sangam Anthologies that has lent fundamental support to the development of modern Hinduism. Thus, the author justifies the statement that Tamil is a classical language, satisfying all the benchmark.

Tirukkural is one of the world's greatest works on ethics. It is one of a great number of major and extremely varied works that comprise the Tamil classical tradition. It was written 2000 years ago. It consists of 1330 couplets dealing with what is right and what is wrong in life. It is also known as Muppal. It has not left any facet of human existence unexplored. It has a universal appeal. So it is a fine example of understanding the quality of classical Tamil Literature.

In the lesson 'On the Rule of the Road', Gardiner emphasises that liberty is not a personal matter but a social contract. According to him, the rule of the road means that the liberties of everybody must be curtailed for the liberties of all to be preserved. If everybody gets in everybody else's way, nobody will get anywhere. Individual liberty would become social anarchy. In matters which do not touch others' liberty we can be as free as we like. We can choose to go down the road in a dressing gown. We can go to bed late or get up early. We need nobody's permission in these matters. It is personal liberty. We can practice our trombone in our house without disturbing our neighbours. But if we do it in the street, the neighbours will raise objections. They will argue that our liberty to blow trombone must not interfere with their liberty to sleep in quiet. So we must accommodate our liberty to the liberties of others.

Liberty is doing what we desire. We can dye our hair or wax our moustache. We can put on an overcoat and sandals. We can go to bed late or get up early. In these personal matters, we follow our fancy and not expect anybody's permission. But when we come into contact with other people we cannot do everything we like. What we should do will be qualified by other's liberty. We may swing our fist in any way but our liberty to swing ends where someone's nose beginS. We are likely to hit or hurt the person coming opposite. We should not disregard his liberty or his feelings. One can blow the trombone in the street but the liberty of his neighbours to sleep calmly should not be breached. So we must accommodate others' liberties to our liberty. This is the foundation of social contract.

The well-organized expedition was launched in the spring of 1953, and a high camp from which to reach the summit was established by mid-May. After a pair of climbers failed to reach the top on May 27, Hillary and Tenzing set out for it early on May 29; by late morning they were standing9 on the summit. The ridge seemed to be never ending. They had to cut hump after hump to move forward. Their original enthusiasm gave place to some great struggle. They saw a narrow snow ridge going up to the top. They made few more beating of the ice axe and they reached the top. They felt relieved from the troublesome journey. They shook hands and embraced each other. It was 11.30. They saw some unclimbed peaks like Makalu, Kanchenjunga and some more peaks in Nepal.

The well-organized expedition was launched in the spring of 1953, After a pair of climbers failed to reach the top on May 27, Hillary and Tenzing set out for it early on May 29. By late morning they were standing on the summit. They drank lemon juice and got ready to leave their camp with the oxygen cylinders. Following a ridge they reached a bump at 28000 feet. They continued their path on the ridge leading to the 400 feet to the southern summit. They had to cross many overhanging ice cornices. Then they came to a crack and Hillary entered the crack. With difficulty he moved in the crack and came out. Then he signaled Tenzing to come through it and he too did it. With a few more steps they reached the top at 11.30 am. on May 29, 1953.

The poet, Carl August Sandburg motivates his son to be like a hard rock to face the challenges of life and betrayals. He can make his life fruitful if he is gentle and takes life easy. He must have a firm will power and deep desire to achieve. He should earn sufficient money to satisfy his basic needs. But he must remember that too much money has killed men and left them dead before their burial. He must know that it is not a shame to be called a fool. At the same time, he must learn lessons from the mistakes and avoid repeating the follies. He must introspect often and accept his weaknesses. He must not tell white lies to protect himself. Being alone will help him make wise decisions. He can be different if that is his nature. Finding his inherent talents and deeper motives, he must work to achieve like Shakespeare, the Wright Brothers, Pasteur and Pavlov

(a) Telemachus, his son is well-loved of Ulysses.
(b) The labour mentioned here is ruling the people.

(a) The growth of a tender flower has sometimes split the rock
(b) frail - flower; sometimes - shattered - split.

(a) Too much money has left men dead before, their burial.
(b) much - money - men; before - burial

(a) A young soldier was riding at his fastest.
(b) The phrase, 'Full-galloping' means the horse running at its fastest.