i) Annie Besant, an Irish lady and leader of the Theosophical Society, Home Rule in 1916 and carried forward the demand for home rule all over India.
ii) She started the news papers New India and Commonweal to carry forward her agenda.
iii) She wrote two books, How India wrought for freedom and India: 'A Nation and a pamphlet on self-government.'

a) V.O. Chidambaranar joined with Subramania Siva in organising the mill workers in Thoothukudi and Tirunelveli.
b) In 1908, he led a strike in the European-owned Coral Mills.
c) It coincided with the release of Bipin Chandra Pal.
d) V.O.C and Subramania Siva organised a public meeting to celebrate the release of Bipin, were arrested.
e) The two leaders were charged with sedition and sentenced to rigorous imprisonment.
f) The news of the arrest sparked riots in Tirunelveli leading to the burning down of the police station, court building and municipal office.
g) It led to the death of four people in police firing.
h) V.O.C was treated harshly in prison and was made to pull the heavy oil press. 

(i) The East European communist states, under the Soviet umbrella, were also in a deep economic and social crisis.
(ii) Gorbachev's decision to loosen the Soviet control on the countries of Eastern Europe created an independent, democratic momentum.
(iii) A series of workers' strikes undermined the communist regimes first in Poland and then in Hungary.
(iv)  A wave of demonstrations that swept East Germany led to demolition of the Berlin Wall in 1989.

a) A bill which covers income and expenditure of the government is called Money Bill.
b) Bills connected with tax policy of the government is also called Money Bill.
c) Lok Sabha can only introduce Money bill and once it is approved by the Lok Sabha, it is passed to Rajya Sabha for its approval.

The Ministers are classified under three ranks.
i) Cabinet Ministers
ii) Ministers of state
iii) Deputy Ministers

i) In April 1961, while landing an army of Cuban exiles on the island of Bay of Pigs, the US bombed Cuban airfields with the objective of overthrowing Castro's regime.
ii) US Warships surrounded Cuba.
iii) The Kennedy government had received intelligence that the USSR was secretly installing nuclear missiles in Cuba.
iv) Finally, the Soviet President Khrushchev agreed to withdraw the missiles and thus the Missile Crisis was defused.

i) In 1955 Turkey, Iraq, Great Britain, Pakistan and Iran signed a pact known as Baghdad Pact.
ii) In 1958 the United States joined the organization and thereafter it came to be known as the Central Treaty Organization.
iii) This treaty was open to any Arab nation desiring peace and security in the region. CENTO was dissolved in 1979.

a) As Chiang Kai-sheik had built a circle of fortified ports around the communist positions, Mao wanted to move out of Hunan for safer territory.
b) By 1933 Mao had gained full control of the Chinese Communist party.
c) In 1934, the Communist army of about 100,000 set out on the Long March.
d) This march has become legendary.
e) Out of 1,00,000, only 20,000 finally reached Sheni after crossing 6,000 miles.

Functions of the Lok Sabha
​​​​​​​(i) Any bill can be introduced and passed in the Lok Sabha (Including Money Bill).
ii) It has the same power as Rajya Sabha to participate in case of impeachment of President and the judges of Supreme Court.
iii) It has equal power as Rajya Sabha in passing any bill for Constitutional Amendment.

a) Salt March to Vedaranyam:
i) Tamil Nadu was in the forefront of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
ii) Rajaji organised and led a salt satyagraha march to Vedaranyam
iii) The march started from Tiruchirappalli on 13 April, 1930 and reached Vedaranyam in Thanjavur district on 28 April.
iv) A special song was composed for the march by Namakkal V. Ramalinganar.
v) Despite a brutal crackdown by the police, the marching satyagrahis were provided a warm reception along the route.
vi) On reaching Vedaranyam 12 volunteers under the leadership of Rajaji broke the salt law by picking up salt.
vii) Rajaji was arrested, T.S.S. Rajan, Rukmini Lakshmipathi, Sardar Vedarathanam, C. Swaminathar and K. Santhanam were among the prominent leaders who participated in the Vedaranyam Salt Satyagraha.
b) Widespread agitations in Tamil districts:
i) The Satyagrahis under the leadership of T. Prakasam and K. Nageswara Rao set up a camp at Udayavanam near Madras. However, the police arrested them.
ii) It led to a hartal in Madras.
iii) Volunteers who attempted to offer salt Satyagraha in Rameshwaram were arrested.
iv) Mill workers struck work across the province.
v) Women participated enthusiastically.
vi) Rukmani Lakshmipathi was the first woman to pay penalty for violation of salt laws.
vii) Police used brutal force to suppress the movement.

a) Swadeshi Movement:
i) The partition of Bengal (1905) led to the Swadeshi Movement.
ii) The Swadeshi movement made a deep impact in Tamil Nadu.
iii) The Calcutta Congress which called upon the nation to promote Swadeshi enterprise, boycott foreign goods and promote, national education.
b) Response in Tamil Nadu:
i) V.O. Chidambaranar, V. Chakkaraiyar, Subramania Bharati and Surendranath Arya were some of the prominent leaders in Tamil Nadu.
ii) Public meetings were organised in various parts of Tamil Nadu.
iii) Tamil was used on the public platform for the first time to mobilise the people.
iv) Subaramania Bharati's patriotic songs stirred patriotic emotions.
v) Many journals were started to propagate Swadeshi ideals. Swadesamitran and India were prominent journals.
c) Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company
i) One of the most enterprising acts was the launching of the Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company at Thoothukudi by V.O. Chidambaranar.
ii) He purchased two ships Gallia and Lavo and plied them between Thoothukudi and
Colombo.
d) Tirunelveli Uprising:
i) V.O.C and Subramania Siva organised the mill workers in Thoothukudi and Tirunelveli.
ii) In 1908, he led a strike in the Coral Mills.
iii) V.O.C and Subramania Siva organized a public meeting to celebrate the release of Bipin, So they were arrested.
iv) The news of the arrest sparked riots in Tirunelveli, leading down to burning of police station , court building and municipal office .
v) It led to the death of four people in police firing.
vi) V.O.C was treated harshly in prison and was made to pull the heavy oil press.
vii) To avoid imprisonment Subramania Bharati moved to Pondicherry which was under French rule.

Article 78 mentioned the duties of the Prime Minister
1. The Prime Minister decides the rank of his Ministers and distributes various departments
2. The Prime Minister decides the dates and the agenda of the meeting of the Cabinet which he presides.
3. The Prime Minister informally consults two or three of his senior colleagues when he does not convene a Cabinet meeting.
4. The Prime Minister supervises the work of various ministers.
5. To converse to the President all decisions of the Council of Ministers connecting tothe government of the affairs of the union and proposals for legislation.
6. The Prime Minister acts as the link between the President and the Council of Ministers.
7. The Prime Minister is the leader of the nation and chief spokeperson of the country.
8. The Prime Minister represents our nation at all international conferences like the Common wealth, Summit of the Non Aligned Nations and SAARC nations.

One of the momentous decisions taken in the post-War II era was to integrate the states of Western Europe. In doing so the Europeans wanted,
(i) To prevent further European Wars by ending the rivalry between France and Germany.
(ii) To create a united Europe to resist any threat from Soviet Russia.
(iii) To form a third force in the world to counter-balance the strength of the US and USSR.
(iv) To make full use of the economic and military resources of Europe by organizing them on a continental scale.
Council of Europe:
a) In May 1949 ten countries met in London and signed to form a Council of Europe.
b) The Council of Europe was established with its headquarters at Strasbourg.
European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC):
The European Defence Community (EDC) and the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) were established. The countries belonging to ECSC are France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Holland and Luxemburg.
European Economic Community (EEC):
The EEC eliminated barriers to the movement of goods, services, capital and labour.
The Single European Act:
a) The Single European Act came into force on July 1, 1987. It significantly expanded the EEC's scope giving the meetings of the EPC a legal basis. It also called for more intensive coordination of foreign policy among member countries.
b) According to the SEA, each member was given multiple votes, depending on the country's population. Approval of legislation required roughly two-thirds of the votes of all members.
European Union:
a) The Maastricht Treaty was signed on February 7, 1992. It created the European Union.
b) Today the European Union has 28 member states, and functions from its headquarters at Brussels, Belgium.