Various challenges faced by political parties are
(i) The parties are lacking internal democracy, which keeps many prospective leaders deprived of their rights.
(ii) There have been dynastic successions in many political parties. This often deprives the parties of appropriate leadership.
(iii) The parties sometimes involve in the use of money and muscle power for winning elections. This slow down development and is against the spirit of democracy.
(iv) Different political parties do not have significant ideological differences among them. So, there is a lack of meaningful choice before the voters.

(i) The cover page of a music book published by E.T.Paul in 1900 shows the sign of progress as the picture of railway, camera, machines, printing press and factory. Above all, 'DAWN OF THE EARTH' is printed.
(ii) The glorification of machines and technology is even more marked on the cover page of a trade magazine.
(iii) The trade magazine shows two magicians. Aladdin is shown as representing the east and the past. Whereas the one is the motor mechanic with modern tools and builds bridges, ships, towers and high rise buildings. He represents the west and modernity

Manufacturing of cement requires heavy, low value, and weight losing material. It is primarily a raw material oriented industry. Limestone is the main raw material. The location of a cement plant depends mostly on the limestone deposits. The other raw materials are seashells, slag from steel plants and slag from fertilizer, silica, and aluminium are important ingredients. Gypsum is necessary to regulate the setting time of cement.

(i) In India, the consumer movement as a 'social force' originated with the necessity of protecting and promoting the interests of consumers against unethical and unfair trade practices.
(ii) Whenever a complaint regarding goods or service is made, the seller tries to shift all the responsibility on to the buyer.
(iii) Rampant (unchecked) food shortages, hoarding, black marketing, adulteration of food items gave birth to the consumer movement in an organized form in the 1960s.
(iv) Till the 1970s, consumer organizations were largely engaged in writing articles and holding exhibitions. They formed consumer groups to look into the malpractices in ration shops and overcrowding in the road passenger transport only. More recently, India witnessed an upsurge in the number of consumer groups.

These connect the remote areas to other parts of the country, making travelling easier. These help to access difficult terrain and help in trade.

The following are the economic outcomes of democracy.
(a) Rather than economic growth and development, democracies can reduce economic disparities.  This is because when a country achieves economic growth, wealth is equitably distributed among all citizens for leading a better life.
(b) Eradication of poverty by government through programmes and policies is possible only in democracy and not in any other forms of non-democracy governments.
(c) Though economic growth and development is slow in democracy, it cannot be considered the worst form of government as it has its own positive aspects.

Low-priced small books printed on poor quality paper, and bound cheap blue covers in France.

James Augustus Hickey.

Handmade products came to symbolise refinement and class.

Bombay and Calcutta.

(i) Debate on religious, social and economic issues : From the early nineteenth century, there were serious debates on religious, social and economic issues. Different people had different opinions regarding the colonial society. Reformers offered a variety of new interpretations of the beliefs of different religions. There were many who criticised the existing practices and campaigned for reforms while others countered.
(ii) Impact on debates : These debates were carried out openly in public and in print. Printed tracts and newspapers not only spread the new ideas, but they also shaped the nature of the debates.
(iii) New ideas and clashes : A wider range of people could now participate in these public discussions and express their views. New ideas emerged through these clashes of opinions.
(iv) Pan-Indian identities : Newspapers conveyed news from one place to another, creating pan-Indian identities. Newspapers reported on colonial misrule and encouraged nationalist activities.
(v) Print and depressed classes : From the 19th century, issue of caste discrimination began to be written. Jyotiba Phule, Dr B.R. Ambedkar, E.V. Ramaswamy wrote extensively on the depressed classes and provided the depressed classes a common platform. 

(i) Disappearing open field system: In the countryside, the open field system was prevailing. i.e land was free and anyone could use it for production. But as the population increased, the open field system started disappearing. The rich landlords started enclosing the open fields.
(ii) Cottagers and poor peasants: They had earlier depended on common lands for their survival. gathering the firewood, berries. vegetables. hay and straw. Now they had to look for alternative sources of income.
(iii) Small fields: As most of the land was acquired by the rich landlords, the poor had tiny plots of land which could not provide work for all the members of the .household. So when merchants came around and offered advances to produce goods for them, peasant households eagerly agreed.
(iv) Full utilisation of family labour resources: By working for the merchants, the poor peasants and the artisans could continue to remain in the countryside, and cultivate their small plots.
(v) Income: Income from proto-industrial production supplemented their shrinking income from cultivation. It also allowed them a fuller use of their family labour resources.

Conservation of mineral resources are essential due to the following reasons
1. Minerals are required in many industries. So it is important to use them carefully as it is needed everywhere.
2. Minerals are already in limited quantities and they are non-renewable resources. Their reserves are fast depleting
3. Lot of economic developmental plans have been possible due to the presence of certain minerals. So to continue those developmental plans and projects, judicious use of minerals is needed.
The three methods to conserve the minerals are
(i) Better and improved technology should be used to reduce wastage of minerals during extraction.
(ii) Minerals and metals made out of those minerals should be recycled wherever possible.
(iii) Scrap metals and substitutes of metals should be used wherever possible.

Airways are the fastest, more comfortable and prestigious mode of transport in recent times. They can easily cross over geographical boundaries and vast stretches of seas and oceans. Airways can negotiate difficult terrain like high mountains, dissected terrain, dreary desert and dense forests with great ease, within short period of time. Fast international travel between countries of the world has been possible because of the development of airways. Airways play a vital role during natural and man-made calamities like floods, famines, earthquakes, epidemics and war. They help in rescue operations and provide relief to the people in affected area within a short time. Two merits of airways are:
(a) It is the fastest mode of transportation. Thousands of kilometers are covered within a few hours.
(b) It is the most comfortable mode of transportation.
One demerit of airways is the costliness of transportation because of which it is out of the reach of common people.

Democracy leads to peaceful and harmonious life among citizens as it gives to its citizens a sound political system based on social equality.  We can prove the statement by citing the following instances.
(a) Democracy provides a conducive political environment to citizens for their popular participation in politics.
(b) Every citizen has the right to vote an right to contest election.
(c) Democracy stands for equal economic status to all citizens.
(d) In democracy, government undertakes extensive social welfare schemes and achieve universal literacy rate.
(e) In the social sphere, democracy tries to help its citizens to lead a peaceful and harmonious life by accommodating various social divisions and providing social equality to its citizens.
(f) Democratic governments try to resolve differences, respect differences and try mechanisms which can negotiate differences.

The following are the five rights of a consumer under the Consumer Protection Act, 1986.
(a) Right to Safety. According to this right, a consumer has the right to be protected against goods and services which are hazardous to life and health. For example, electrical goods which are manufactured with substandard products or do not conform to the safety norms might cause serious injury. Thus, consumers are educated that they should use electrical goods which have ISI mark as this would be an assurance for such products in meeting quality specifications.
(b) Right to be Informed. According to this right, a consumer has the right to have complete information about the product he intends to buy including its ingredients, date of manufacture, price, quantity, directions for use etc.
(c) Right to Choose. According to this right, consumer has freedom to choose from a variety of products at competitive prices. This implies that the. marketers should offer a wide variety of products in terms of quality, brand, prices, size etc. and allow the consumer to make a choice from amongst these.
(d) Right to be Heard. According to this right, consumer has the right to file a complaint and to be heard in case of dissatisfaction with a good or a service. It is because of this reason that many enlightened business firms have set up their own consumer service and grievance cells. Many consumer organisations are also working towards this direction and helping consumers in redressing their grievances.
(e) Right to Seek Redressal. According to this right, a consumer has the right to get relief in case the product or service falls short of his expectations. The Consumer Protection, Act provides a number of reliefs to the consumers including replacement of the product, removal of defect in the product, compensation paid for any loss or injury suffered by the consumer etc.